PSYC 3303 1nd Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. A AmphetaminesA. Arousal levelB. Causes for ConcernII. NarcoticsA.Major NarcoticsB.OriginsC.ThebaineD.CodeineE.MorphineIII.Effects of NarcoticsIV.Medical UseOutline of Current Lecture V. NarcoticsA. Harm-reduction approachB. Causes For ConcernC. Physical DependenceD. Psychological DependenceE. TreatmentVI. LSD and Other HallucinogensA.ClassifiedB.Serotonin Related (LSD)i.Discovery ii.Usesiii.Acute Effects of LSDiv.Pharmacologyv.Fact and Fictionvi.Psilocybinvii.LAA (Lysergic Acid Amide)C.Norepinephrine Related i.Mescalineii.DOMiii.MDMA (Ecstasy)D.Acetylcholine Relatedi.Amanita MuscariaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.E.Miscellaneous Hallucinogensi.PCP (Phencyclidine)ii.KetamineCurrent LectureV. NarcoticsA. Harm-reduction approach:Want only a reduction of abusive drug-taking behavior. Total elimination unrealistic and unattainable. Lower incidence of HIV with needle-exchange programs, methadone maintenance(go in clinics to get “dose” to treat heroin abusers)B. Causes for Concern:Tolerance:- Conditioned reflex responses stimuli associated with the drug (Pavlov)- Drug usually paired with environment – mechanism counteracts drug – so tolerance happens.- New environment – fail compensatory response – so can ODC. Physical Dependence:- Withdrawal symptoms: similar to “24 hr flu” . (Diarrhea , vomiting, body aches etc. P.g. 121 Table 5.1)- Depends on how much- People do not usually die from heroin withdrawal symptoms (unlike alcohol)- After physical withdrawal – psyc.D. Psychological Dependence:- Negative reinforcement: take drug to remove withdrawal symptoms- From WANT to NEED- Needle-freaks : will continue inserting syringe even with no heroin. (strength of association and placebo effect, to experience heroin-like sensations)- Can recover, spontaneously stop. Not like meth.E. Treatment:- Use antagonists- Methadone Maintenance (treatment of choice, heroin replaced by long-term intake of methadone.- LAAM: Synthetic narcotic drug levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (Orlaam). Longer duration than methadone so go in only three times a week, not daily.- Rapid Detox: New. General anesthesia while physical withdrawal occurs. Then only have to deal with psyc.“flashblood” technique – inject with heroin than draw blood and give blood (with the heroin) to other in order to “share” the heroin because too expensive to have two doses. Primarily females(altruistic).VI. LSD and Other HallucinogensHallucinogens produce distortions in perception at moderate dosesA. Classified:- Major categories classified by relations to which neurotransmitter. (p.g. 145 Table 6.1)- None related to DOPAMINEB. Serotonin Related:LSD:- Most potent- Derives from ergot (fungus) extracted from rye grain mold- Ergotism (disorder acquired by ingestion of ergot). 2 forms: One can cause gangrene. Second cause hallucinations, disordered thinking etc.) During times of which hunting.i. Discovery: In 1938 by Hofmann. Myth goes that while he was experimenting with it, some soaked through his skin and he then started feeling “funny”. He then went on to taking a high dose and recorded the effects. He apparently took 250 times the effective dose!ii. Uses: - Induce psychosis in animals- Treat alcoholism- Cancer patients- CIA research (MKULTRA program) used it for interrogations in 50-60s. Released info 10 years ago. Participants did not provide informed consent.- Recreational use- T. Leary took research on LSD from Harvard University to his own house – fired. Known as “Mr. LSD”iii. Acute effects: - see sound, self from non-self.- Distortion of visual perception- Distortion of time (internal clock out of whack)- Effects start 30 mins after taking it and last for 12 hrs- Very powerfuliv. Pharmacology- Low toxicity- Rapid tolerance and cross-tolerance (take more and more)- No evidence of physical or psyc dependence- Dilated pupil, increase body temp and blood pressure (autonomic system)- Activates subset serotonin receptorsv. Fact and Fiction(LSD):- Rapid tolerance, difficult to hide effects, user does not control drug, drug controls user when on high – so little addiction occurs- Can lead to panic attacks- Little evidence that it causes birth defects/cancer- May cause “flashbacks” from changes in CNSvi. Psilocybin (shrooms)- Originating from mushroom- Serotonin related- Grows in damp places- Increasingly available- Fewer panic, more mellow than LSD- More visual effects, less emotional than LSDvii. LAA (Lysergic Acid Amide)- Mushrooms- Similar to LSD- Found in morning glory seeds- More auditory, less visual hallucinationsC. Norepinephrine Related Hallucinogens:i. Mescaline: Native Americans may use it (from peyote cactus) thanks to the “Grandfather clause”. In their culture.- Similar to LSD effects but more sensualii. DOM: - Resemblance to amphetamines (STP)iii: MDMA (Ecstasy):- First appeared in 1980s but became popular in 90s (as club drug)- Schedule 1 (no accepted medical application- Many concerns: brain damage- Neurotoxic- Developing clinical depression- Overheat (water overdose – heart attack)D. Acetylcholine Related:i. Amanita muscaria:- Mushroom- Ibotenic acid- Dangerous (found North Canada, Alaska)- Red w/ white dots- Seen in cartoons/videogamesE. Miscellaneous Hallucinogens:i. PCP (Phencyclidine), Angel dust- Confusion- For pain- Violence?ii. Ketamine (special K):- Related to PCP- Animal tranquillizer- Large margin of safety- Some steal it from vet clinics- Snort/intramuscular- Close to death experience, without dying - Most don’t like