PSYC 3303 1nd Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Drug Postmarketing phaseA. Pharmaceutical repsB. Specific Procedures of OTCII. FDAA. GRAS, GRAE, GRAHLB. PackagingC. Standardizing labelsIII. Major OTC (analgesics)A. AspirinB. AcetaminophenC. IbuprofenD. Cold and Allergy MedsOutline of Current Lecture IV. Nicotine and Tobacco Use A. HistoryB. TodayV. What’s in Tobacco? VI. Pharmacology of NicotineThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.VII. Effects of Tobacco UseVIII. ConsequencesA. Health ConsequencesB. Deaths and Patterns of BehaviorC. Smokeless TobaccoIX. Global TrendsX. QuittingCurrent LectureIV. Nicotine and Tobacco UseA. History:Tobacco was introduced to Europe in 1559, originated in North and South America and was brought to Europe by Columbus. Originally used for pipe smoking and snuffing (Inhaling throughnose then sneeze it out).In the 19th Century the most popular form of tobacco use was chewing and cigar smoking. In the1900s cigarettes started becoming popular after much campaigning. Up to the 60s it was considered the “thing” to do, everybody did it (baseball players publicized it too).In 1964-Surgeon General Reports link between cancer, serious diseases and tobacco changed some things BUT tobacco companies started marketing it in ways that people would still buy it.Tobacco companies started advertising use of filtered, low-tar, low-nicotine cigarettes. But people smoked more of those to compensate.In the 1990s laws started to be implemented for smoke-free zones in restaurants and public places but was not yet completely smoke-free.B. Today:All commercial places are completely smoke-free.There has been a decline in tobacco use ever since, caused by societal pressure (outcaster) and federal taxes, making it very expensive to keep up the habit.In 1998 - $246 billion were given to states by the tobacco companies to pay for all the people using government hospitals to cure cancers and diseases caused by tobacco use. The States (aside from Alaska and North Dakota) eventually allocated money to other things and not to theprograms they were supposed to. In 2009 – more regulations. The “Tobacco Control Act” was put in place. According to this Act, any product that has been changed since 2007 cannot be sold without FDA review.V. What’s in tobacco?- Nicotine- Carbon Monoxide- TarWhat do these substances do?- Nicotine: Addictive. Cause tolerance and physical withdrawal. Strong craving to return totobacco after quitting. TITRATION HYPOSTHESIS: Smokers will adjust their smoking of cigarettes to maintain a steady dose of nicotine input in body.- Carbon Monoxide: Odorless toxic gas. Competes with oxygen. Prevents nutrients from being transported from lungs to rest of body. Number one cause for cardiovascular disease caused by smoking.- Tar: Sticky and gets trapped on throat and impedes ciliary function which prevents elimination of carcinogens that eventually end up in the lungs and cause cancer.VI. Pharmacology of NicotineInhaled nicotine from smoking is absorbed very quickly and quickly reaches the blood through the blood-brain barrier (the effects are immediate). The elimination process is also fast – by time cigarette is finished the body is already breaking down nicotine (in liver). It’s half-life is 2 to 3 hrs.VII. Effects of Tobacco UsePrimary effect is to stimulate CNS receptors sensitive to acetylcholine (nicotinic receptors).Effects of this process: - Release adrenaline- Increase blood pressure- Inhibit hungerVIII. ConsequencesA. Health Consequences: - Coronary Heart Disease (Cardiovascular)- Lung cancer- Stroke- Bronchitis- Emphysema (enlargement of air sacs in lungs, causes difficulty breathing)- Secondary, sidestream smoke hazardous (Easily crosses placenta barrier and In fetuses may cause premature death, low birth weight)- And many more…B. Deaths and Patterns of Behavior:Pie chart pg. 258 Fig 10.1:128.000 deaths for lung cancer126.000 deaths for coronary heart disease (still very high even if less obvious connection)Fig 10.2Male increase in lung cancer in 1990-1995 (started smoking in the 60s)In 2011 22% of people aged 12 and over smoked a cigarette in the past month (qualifying them as smokers).Peak year for starting to smoke has been reported as 7th grade. (between 80 and 90% started by age eighteen).Attitudes toward smoking has greatly changed over the years - 88% of 8th graders disapprove of smoking. 80% prefer to date non-smokers. As these kids are getting older there are less college students and adults that smoke.C. Smokeless Tobacco (e.g. chewing)According to University of Michigan study, 4% of 8th graders, 7% of 10th graders, and 8% of high school seniors had used smokeless tobacco with the last month. Although many dispprove, only 40% perceive smokeless tobacco as great risk.Smokeless tobacco can cause:- Gum disease- Damage to teeth enamel- Loss of teeth- Oral cancer- Cancer to jaw, pharynx and neckIX. Global trendsPg 266 Fig 10.3Countries like Asia, Eastern Europe and Russia have much higher rates of people who smoke than the USA. In China the rate of men that smoke is extremely high (67%). Pg. 269 Fig 10.4 Shows physicians who smoke.X. QuittingMany health risks diminish rapidly after one quits. Unfortunately nicotine dependence is very strong and it is therefor very hard to quit (some say as hard as heroin, or even harder). 50% of people who attempt to stop, succeed.Approaches to quitting:- Hypnoses, acupuncture- Behavioral therapy (change the way you view smoking)- Prescription drugs to reduce withdrawal symptoms (many are not good for you, many side effects)- Nicotine