PSYC 3303 1nd Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Gross Anatomy of NeuronA. Neural Conduction and Synaptic TransmissionB. Conduction of Action PotentialC. NeurotransmittersII. Nervous SystemA.CentralB.PeripheralIII. Brain FunctionOutline of Current Lecture IV. Brain Function and Structure cont.A. Forebrain B. Cerebral Cortex: Frontal, Temporal, Occipital, Parietal C. Association Cortex, Unilateral Neglect, Broca’s Area, Wernicke’s Area, LateralizationD. NeuroplasticityV. Drug DevelopmentA.Over The Counter (OTC)B.Process For Approving Prescription and OTC DrugsCurrent LectureIV. Brain Function and Structure Cont.A. Forebrain:- Forebrain: Hypothalamus – deals with sleep and motivation. Also blood glucose levels – triggers hunger as well as the endocrine system – defense mechanism (fever). Four ‘F’s : Feeding, Fighting, Fleeing, F****** (sexual behavior). - Hippocampus – deals with memory function (marijuana may influence, seem/may become stupid). - Limbic system – Emotion regulation, provide emotion to experience (e.g. amygdala), morphine, heroin influence this region (opioids receptors). B. Cerebral Cortex: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Is it what makes humans humans? - 4 Regions: Frontal Lobe, Temporal, Occipital, Parietal.- Frontal Lobe: Motor movement, planning of movement, inhibition. Phineas Gage incident (Incident – rod driven through his head destroying frontal lobe. Was a friendly, normal person. After accident he changed personality, became rude, impatient etc.). Exposure to Carbon Monoxide can damage cells in this area. Develops last. Lack of control seen in crack-babies, possibly to damage to frontal lobe.- Temporal Lobe: Auditory functions- Occipital Lobe: Visual function, Primary visual cortex, receives input from eyes. If damaged cortical blindness develops (can’t process signals from eyes).- Parietal: Anterior part is the somatosensory cortex (feel things and know where/when there is touch).C. Association Cortex, Unilateral Neglect, Broca’s Area, Wernicke’s Area:- Association Cortex: Found between areas. Used to integrate info. Various info become a whole, puts sensory info together.- Unilateral Neglect: If damaged parietal-occipital boundary, a person will ignore half of their world (visual field). Cannot attend a whole, spotlight on just half. E.g. Shave just one side of face. - Lateralization: Left control right body. Language – left (except if left-handed. In this case control area is more bilateral).- Broca’s Area: Between frontal and temporal lobes. Connected to speech. Broca’s Aphasia: E.g. Stroke – can’t produce spoken language.- Wernicke’s Area: Between occipital, temporal and parietal lobes. Wernicke’s Aphasia: Problems with speech comprehension. Can read but don’t understand.Note: Cortical region connected to movement. Different body parts are connected to different cortical areas. Each body part is assigned different amounts of cortical areas. For example, our hands take up a very big portion of cortical region because of very complex movements needed when using the hands.D. Neuroplasticity:Report on Infant with Ependymoma Brain Tumor in CNS – It was removed with a large part of the Right brain (motor cortex), about half. She recovered completely. This was thanks to the neuroplasticity of our brains; Adjacent regions take over the function of missing parts.Phantom limb is associated with this too. It is when a loses a limb and still feels the arm/leg.V. Drug developmentA. Over The Counter (OTC):By law all drugs should be permitted to be OTC UNLESS: - Needs to be Injected- Controlled- Under close supervision (e.g. cholesterol meds, because they can cause severe damage to the liver)- If high concentration (e.g. Advil. Can be prescription if high concentration).Over time many prescription drugs become OTC. Such as allergy meds (Claritin used to be prescription). Up until the 1900s there were no restrictions. Then the “pure Food Act” was implemented. In 1930 they target ingredients (e.g. antibiotics had antifreeze in them, people were dying). Now, FDA regulates drugs. Herbal drugs are NOT regulated by FDA.B. Process For Approving Prescription and OTC Drugs:1.Preliminary Studies (side effects on animal studies, toxicity outcomes)2.Notification of FDA through Notice of Claimed Investigation Exemption for a New Drug (IND). Permission to conduct testing on humans.3.Phase 1 Trial: Healthy individuals are administered the drug (dosage, side effects etc.)4.Phase 2 Trial: Administered to 100 to 500 people with the actual medical issue. Double-blind method is used, meaning that neither the researchers or the test subjects know whether they are being given a sugar pill or the actual drug (this is to avoid the Placebo Effects, or the situation people’s conviction that the drug works is making them feel better, and not the actual drug)5.Phase 3 Trials: These are the LARGE studies. Clinical trials conducted in multiple cities/Universities. Recruit 1,000 to 3,000 individuals. These studies are lengthy and expensive.6.A New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted for approval by the FDA. All data sent to FDA. (takes about 12 months). After a new drug is released, it will be constantly monitored for any side-effects etc. Six months is the MOST a person can stay on a trial drug. Every 1000 drugs, manages to go through the whole process which takes about 10years.Note: study figure 14.1 on pg 343Preclinical research: 1-3 yearsClinical research:7 yearsNDA review: 12 MonthsPostmarketing surveillance: