PSYC 3303 1nd EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 16-21Lecture 16 (October 28th)Marijuana-In what two states can you use Marijuana recreationally? Marijuana Is a synonym for? Do most Americans today favor legalization of it?- Colorado- Washington- Synonym: Cannabis- Most Americans today favor legalization (52% for, 45% against)-What are the acute effects of marijuana use? What are some inconsistent reactions? Are marijuana-related hospital emergency visits rising? Why?Acute Effects:- Absorption is rapid (seconds)- Peak effects around 10 min- Effects last around 2 hrs- Excretion slow (half-life 50 hrs)- Physiological effects: i. Increased heart rate (160 beats per minute)ii. Dilation in vessels in eyes (redness about 1 hr after smoking)iii. Increase/decrease/no change in blood pressure (depending on whether users is standing/laying down etciv. Dry mouth- OD potential: safest drug (20000-40000 times effective dose)- Reaction times do not change- No alteration of basic functions (e.g. respiration) because receptors (cb2) it acts on are not in brain stem- Impacts ability to concentrate- High doses – alters memory functionInconsistent reactions:- Makes you hungry/suppresses it- Enhanced sexual responses/sexual depressant (seems due to THC concentration: Low-dose=enhance, high-dose=depress (testosterone levels)Hospital emergency visits are rising due to increased THC concentration and more users. It isthe second highest category of drug related visits after cocaine.-What are the psychological/behavioral effects, the marijuana “high”?- Feeling of euphoria/well-being- Increased awareness, sensitivity sight/sound- Everything seems funny- Feel sleepy, like time passes slower- When combined with alcohol (high doses) produces sleeping effects- Difficulty attending to peripheral info (driving is impaired but not because of reaction, 3 to7 times more likely to be involved in car accident)-What are the effects in the brain? What is the natural substance that activates the same receptors? Where are the receptors located?- Special receptors (in areas for short-term memory and motor control stimulated by THC- Natural substance: Anandamide - Stimulates nucleus in accumbens in rats (like heroin, cocaine, nicotine but weaker)- Receptors located in limbic systemFacts:-What is the primary active ingredient? What is Hashish? Plant name? What is the concentration of THC today? Washington was connected to using? What are the different ways to smoke it? Can it be detected in the body after 1 week? Is it possible to result positive by second hand smoke?- Primary active ingredient is THC (Most in bud, some in plant, none in stalk)- Processed=Hashish (higher THC)- Plant name: Cannabis sativa- Hash oil – flows- THC content: i. In the past: 1-8% in Marijuanaii. Now lot more potent: 15-20%iii. Oil: 40-50%- Washington was connected to “hemp” (used for clothes, rope etc.)- Usually inhaled (fastest way to get it to brain)- Ways to smoke: i. Jointii. Pipeiii. Water pipe (better, fluid filters it)iv. Can eat it (in butter)v. Usually not I.V.- Can detect in body after 1 week- So could result “Under influence” but actually just detectable not high- Considered performance enhancing- Possible to result positive from second hand smoke (but takes a lot)Definitions:- Marijuana- Hashish- Hashish oil- Hashish oil crystals- Bhang- Reefer- Amotivational syndrome- Gateway hypothesis- Dronabinol- Nabilone- DecriminalizationAnswers:- Marijuana: Most commonly available psychoactive drug from cannabis (1-6% concentration)- Hashish: Containing resin of cannabis flowers (8-16% concentration)- Hashish oil: From boiling hashish, potent (15-60% concentration)- Hashish oil crystals: solid form of hashish oil- Bhang: Liquid form of marijuana- Reefer+joint: Marijuana cigarette- Amotivational syndrome: generalized apathy and indifference to long-range plans- Gateway hypothesis: Abuse of specific drugs leads to abuse other, more potent ones- Dronabinol: Prescription drug containing THC (brand name: Marinol)- Nabilone: same as above (Brand name Cesamet)- Decriminalization: policy of making possession of small amounts of a drug subject to small fine, not criminal prosecution-What are some Chronic Effects? What is peculiar about tolerance in marijuana use? Why? What are some sings of dependence? What are some withdrawal symptoms? What are some long-term effects?- Tolerance effects Increase as dose increase- Peculiarity; experienced marijuana smokers become intoxicated more quickly (reverse tolerance, greater sensitivity) because know technique to achieve high. - Dependence: some signs of physical (anxiety, depression etc.). Psyc dependence : can occur (craving, use even if know it’s bad, becoming part of lifestyle?)- Withdrawal: feelings of irritability, stomach pain, anxiety, loss of appetite- Long-term effects: Amotivational syndrome. -Studies show kids who use it more likely to have problems academically. We cannot conclude that it is the cause. Gateway Hypothesis. – Association (who takes marijuana likely to take other drugs vs causation (take other drugs because first used marijuana, socioculturally based not because of marijuana exposure itself)What is the Toxicity Potential:- Maybe only 1 human death (none reported?)- Increased heart rate but not major issue- Panic reactions- Lung probs + carcinogenic (if vaporize/pill – better)- Reproductive effects: Decreased testosterone, slower sperm- Suppressed immune function: (usually sicker: more colds, flu etc.) but mortality rates notincreased- No synergetic activity- Upper respiratory probsLecture 17 (October 30th ) Marijuana Cont.+Alcohol:-What are some medical uses for marijuana? What is the better form for relief? How many states have approved the use for med reasons? How many Americans (%) are in favor of marijuana for med use purposes?- Brand Name: Marinol- Glaucoma: THC decreases intraocular pressure- Asthma: oral admin: bronco-dilation- Nausea caused by chemo- Relief from Chronic pain + muscle spasticity (caused by MS)- Better form is smoking for relief- 18 states have authorized it for pain relief- 77% of americans are in favor of marijuana use for med purposesAlcohol:Review page 193 Table 8.1-What is fermentation? Brewing? Distillation? Give alcohol percentages. Is it legal to make own beer in US? Why is Everlast so dangerous?- Fermentation: glucose converted to ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide (naturally occurs)- Brewing: process of fermenting grains (12%