BIO 196 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Small IntestineII. Digestion in Small IntestineIII. PancreasIV. Large IntestineV. AbsorptionVI. TransportationVII. ProteinsVIII. Amino AcidsOutline of Current Lecture I. Protein SynthesisII. How are proteins made?III. Protein synthesis: in depthIV. How do proteins get their shape?V. DenaturationVI. Protein DigestionVII. TransportCurrent LectureI. Protein Synthesisa. DNA: a chemical that codes how to synthesize proteins in our bodyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Chromosome: strands of DNA, packaged with proteins in nucleus (23 pairs)ii. Genes: chromosome sub-divided into segments (1000s)1. A gene is 1 sub unit2. It specifies the sequence of amino acids needed, to synthesize onespecific protein3. Roughly 30,000 genes in human genomeII. How are proteins made?a. Cell signalingi. Cell receives a signal that tells it to make a proteinii. Often involves the cell membraneb. Transcriptioni. Synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) using a DNA templateii. Unzip DNAc. Translationi. Amino acids are linked together via peptide bonds on ribosomes using mRNA and tRNAIII. Protein Synthesis: in deptha. Cells link amino acids together (ribosomes) by means of condensation reactionsIV. How do proteins get their shape?a. Primary structure: Number and sequence of amino acidsi. Critical to function of proteinsb. Secondary structure: coil, foldingi. Alpha helixii. Beta folded sheetsiii. H bonding: weak bonds c. Tertiary structure: folding due to R group interactionsd. Quaternary structure: 2 or more peptide chains come together; very large macromolecule V. Denaturationa. Unfolding the 3-D shapeb. Won’t be able to function due to loss of biological activityc. Starts process of digestionVI. Protein Digestiona. Starts in stomachb. Gastrin (hormone)c. 1: HCl denatures proteind. 2: HCl activates pepsinogen (inactive enzyme)e. 3: pepsin (active enzyme) breaks down proteins and peptides into smaller polypeptidesVII. Transporta. Amino acids travel in blood (portal) routeb. Metabolism-what do we do with amino acids in the blood?i. Amino acids from proteinii. Amino acids from breaking
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