BIO 196 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. PolysaccharidesII. FiberIII. Benefits of fiberIV. CVDV. Categorizing dietary fiber by solubilityVI. Brown rice v. white riceVII. Satiation VIII. SatietyIX. Chemical digestionOutline of Current Lecture I. Lactose intoleranceII. AbsorptionIII. Metabolism of glucoseIV. Catabolism of energy nutrientsV. Ketones spare glucoseVI. Gluconogenesis not on next examCurrent LectureI. Lactose intolerancea. Causes: deficiency of enzyme lactase b. Symptoms: lactose enters large intestine undigestedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Cramping in abdomen, bloating, diarrhea, flatulencec. Food intolerance and allergies are very different; allergies are nervous system related d. Dietary changesi. Can consume small amountsii. Yogurt and cheese more easily toleratediii. Reduced lactose products available iv. Over the counter lactase enzymes available II. Absorption a. Small intestine i. Carrier –mediated active transport1. Glucose and galactoseii. Facilitated diffusion1. Fructoseiii. Small intestine- villi1. Villi – portal vein – liver – hepatic vein – heart (blood)2. Glucose – heart (glucose is blood sugar)3. Galactose and fructose – livera. Galactose can be converted to glucose, ATPb. Glucose can be converted to ATP, and triglycerides (fat)III. Metabolism of glucosea. Cells can use glucose for energyb. Glucose can be stored as glycogen (1/3 liver and 2/3 in muscle)c. Glucose can sometimes be converted to fatd. After breakfast, what happened to the carbs I ate?i. Glucose from a high carb, healthy breakfast:ii. In morning, very little glycogen in liver is leftiii. Functions: exclusive energy-brain, nerves, red blood cells, cornea, some kidney cellsiv. Glycogen reservesv. Fat catabolism (conversion of fat to energy)IV. Catabolism of energy nutrientsa. Composed of C, H, O (the N is removed to deaminate) before amino acids are used for energyb. Glycolisis/TCA cycle/electron transport system- ATP plus other end productsc. Heat energy, we get hot because we’re not efficient at using not a waste, becausewe do need to stay warmV. Ketones spare glucosea. Ketones are formed in complete catabolism of fatty acidsb. Produced when fasting on low-carb diets, or uncontrolled type I diabetesc. Organic compound used as an energy source by the brain only during starvationVI. Gluconogenesis (not on next exam)a. Making glucose from a non-carbohydrate sourcei. Major source- body proteins; muscles, liver, heart, kidney, enzymes, etc.b. When?i. Skipping breakfast and/or not eating for at least 12 hours (liver can only store about 12 hours worth)c. Low carb intaked. Very low calorie diets/starvation/anorexia
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