BIOL 196 1st Edition Lecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture I. MetabolismII. Adipose tissueIII. Continuation of metabolism IV. Functions of TG (fat)V. Fat in the dietVI. Phospholipids VII. Cholesterol Outline of Current Lecture I. Cardiovascular DiseaseII. 7 measures of CV HealthIII. What factors can injure the endothelium?IV. What is inflammation?V. What causes chronic inflammation?VI. What is plaque made of?VII. What causes the heart attack?Current LectureI. Cardiovascular DiseaseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. 1 in 3 Americans will die of heart disease or stroke and 60% will have a major vascular event before they dieb. More people die of CVD than Cancerc. There is a difference between Coronary Heart Disease and CVD (which contains all cardio diseases)d. “Heart disease” relates to just arteriese. Prior to the 1960s people didn’t know they’d get a heart attack, treatment began AFTER they had onef. Primordial risk factors: preventing from people getting risk factors like smoking, weight gain, etc. II. 7 measures of CV Healtha. <5% of Americans meet all 7 goalsb. About 720,000 heart attacks; 1 in 3 ends in deathi. Often a result of atherosclerosisc. How to develop atherosclerosis:i. Injury to endothelial cells (lining of artery wall)ii. Followed by inflammationiii. And plaque formationIII. What factors can injure the endothelium?a. High LDLb. Smoking c. Diabetesd. High blood pressure (uncontrolled)e. Virus/bacteriaf. Physical injuryg. Chronic inflammationIV. What is inflammation?a. Body’s response to an injury (immune response) – physical or chemical injuriesb. External injuries: burns, bruises, sprains, fractures, etc. i. Acute inflammationii. Response: redness, swelling, pain, heat- trying to kill off possible bacteriaV. What causes chronic inflammation?a. Injury to the artery wall (from various chemicals/physical damage from:i. Obesity and metabolic syndromeii. High blood pressureiii. Smokingiv. Atherosclerosisv. Diabetesvi. High LDL, low HDL, special types of LDLb. Internal: i. Blood vessel injuryii. Injury to the endothelium1. Monocytes (white blood cells) imbed in the injured site (artery wall)2. Take up/eat oxidized LDL and other components that are part of plaqueVI. What is plaque made of?a. How do you know if you have chronic?i. For people who “want” a test, C-reactive test is availableii. 50% of heart disease occurs in people with low blood cholesterol!1. Not just a LDL problem!VII. What causes the heart attack?a. Inflammation -> plaque and protein rupture, clot formation b. Blood clots lead to heart attacksc. The atherosclerosis process can begin in early childhoodd. War autopsies (Korean war) average age of death was 22 yearsi. 78% had plaque accumulation at age 22!1. Smoking a major factore. Bogalusa- L.A. heart study since 1972i. 17,000 kidsii. 200 autopsies ages 2-39 (car accidents, etc.)iii. Anatomical changes occur by 5-8 yearsiv. Fatty streaks earlier than age
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