BSC 2086 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 19 1 What are the components of the cardiovascular system and what is the role of each of those components a The heart pumps blood b Blood vessels conducting system c Blood the medium which contains cells 2 What is the function and characteristics of blood What is blood composed of What are the formed elements What is plasma composed of What is the difference between plasma serum and interstitial fluid a Function transport materials to and from cells i Regulate pH and ions usually at 7 4 ii Restrict fluid losses at injury sites 1 Blood pressure drops if too much fluid is lost 2 Brain needs oxygen and glucose consistently iii Defend against pathogens and toxins iv Stabilizes body temperature by thermoregulation of skin b Characteristics i Normal temperature 38 degrees C ii High viscosity 1 5 times higher than water iii Slightly alkaline c Composed of i Oxygen ii CO2 iii Nutrients iv Hormones v Parts of immune system vi Wastes d Formed elements i White blood cells leukocytes 1 Immune system component ii Red blood cells erythrocytes 1 Oxygen transporter iii Platelets 1 Cell fragments needed for clotting e Plasma made of water dissolved plasma proteins and other solutes f Serum liquid part of blood sample made when fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin i Lacks clotting proteins and calcium g Interstitial fluid surrounds blood vessels 3 What are some proteins found in plasma Where are they made a Albumins i Transport fatty acids thyroid hormones and steroid hormones b Globulins i Immunoglobulins antibodies ii Transport small molecules such as hormone binding proteins metalloproteins apolipoproteins and steroid binding proteins c Fibrinogen i Make clots ii Produce fibrin long insoluble strands d Liver makes more than 90 of plasma proteins e Plasma cells make antibodies i Activated B lymphocytes 4 What is the function and characteristics of a red blood cell Why is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function a Function transport oxygen b Shape thin in the middle and thicker at edges i High surface to volume ratio which allows it to quickly absorb and release oxygen ii Rouleaux stacks made from discs 1 Allow smooth flow through blood vessels iii Discs are bendable and able to flex allowing them to enter small capillaries 5 What is hemoglobin Hb Why is it important to the function of erythrocytes Why is iron important What happens if there isn t enough dietary iron What is the difference between fetal Hb adult Hb and Hb found in people with sickle cell anemia a Hemoglobin The protein molecule that gives whole blood its color functions to transport respiratory gases b Function carries oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissues i Releases oxygen and binds carbon dioxide and carries it to lungs c The iron ion is able to associate easily with oxygen oxyhemoglobin and dissociate easily with oxygen deoxyhemoglobin d Fetal Hb i Strong form of hemoglobin ii Found in embryos iii Greater affinity to oxygen because it is needed to transfer it from maternal circulation to fetal circulation e Adult Hb i Used in cases of thalassemia 1 Inability to make enough Hb units which causes a decrease in RBC production and fragile short lived RBCs 2 Affects development and growth 3 In severe cases of thalassemia adult Hb is converted to hydroxyurea or butyrate f Hb in people with sickle cell anemia i A mutation of an amino acid in the beta chain of Hb causes sickle cell ii Not enough oxygen causes the mutated Hb to alter the shape of the RBC 1 Stiffens 2 Easily damaged 6 What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin a Oxyhemoglobin oxygen loaded form of hemoglobin b Deoxyhemoglobin form of hemoglobin with no oxygen c Carbaminohemoglobin hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide 7 What are the various blood conditions and diseases For instance what is the difference between iron deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia a Hemoglobinuria i Due to excess hemolysis in the blood hemoglobin breaks down products in urine b Hematuria i Whole RBC in urine due to kidney tissue damage c Iron deficiency anemia i RBC production affected by lack of iron uptake and metabolism d Pernicious anemia i Low RBC production due to lack of vitamin B12 or the intrinsic factor needed to absorb the vitamin 8 Why does a red blood cell last up to 120 days How is it destroyed What happens during that process What is recycled How are those items recycled a The RBC can last up to 120 days because it lacks a nuclei mitochondria and ribosomes Therefore it cant repair itself and can only use anaerobic metabolism for energy b RBCs are destroyed by the macrophages of the liver spleen and bone marrow i Monitor RBCs and engulf them before their membranes rupture hemolyze ii Liver and spleen will take them out of circulation certain components will be broken down amine group disassembled iron is re used 1 Heme broken down into biliverdin 2 Iron is binded to transport proteins transferrin and is delivered to red bone marrow in order to make new Hb a Excess iron is transferred to ferritin and hemosiderin storage proteins 9 How are the formed elements formed What are they derived from Where do they develop and mature How is erythropoietin involved a Erythropoiesis only occurs in myeloid tissue red bone marrow in adults i Stem cells mature and become RBCs ii Erythropoietin EPO is made in the kidneys and secreted when oxygen in the peripheral tissues is low 1 Stimulates cell division in erythroblasts 2 Accelerates formation of Hb 3 Increases RBC production by 10x b Hemocytoblasts i Myeloid stem cells become RBCs and WBCs ii Lymphoid stem cells become lymphocytes 10 What are the four basic blood types What type of antibodies would you find in a person with each of these blood types What about the D antigen How does the D antigen impact pregnancy a The four basic blood types are i Type A 1 Type B antibodies ii Type B 1 Type A antibodies iii Type O 1 Both A and B antibodies iv Type AB 1 Neither A nor B antibodies b D antigen i The Rh factor either Rh positive or Rh negative ii Only sensitized Rh has anti Rh antibodies c Hemolytic disease can develop if an Rh woman has carried an Rh fetus i Mixing of fetal and maternal blood can stimulate production of anti Rh antibodies which will lead to sensitization ii The first infant is not affected because not enough anti Rh antibodies are made in significant amounts during pregnancy of first infant iii In the second pregnancy the
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