Lecture 34 Review for Final Material will be from passed exams review passed exams lecture slides and passed study guides Material for Review Review material from spontaneous generation Living things can come from non living things Meat maggot experiment Spontaneous generation disapproved In 1859 disproved spontaneous generation overall later confirming the germ theory of disease and inventing the process of pasteurization The experiment that lead to the disapproval Modern Cell Theory The germ theory of disease also called the pathogenic theory of medicine proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases Gene transcription translation and proteins DNA through transcription leads to mRNA through translation leads to proteins DNA deoxyribonucleic acid is a linear polymer of repeating nucleotide Between complementary strands of DNA base pairs align so that A pairs with T monomers and G pairs with C Mutated Genes in Cancer 3 main categories Oncogenes contribute to uncontrolled cell proliferation and lead to cancer Arise from normal proto oncogenes or viral oncogenes Tumor Suppressor Genes Absence inactivation contribute to uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer and can progress to cancer DNA Repair Genes mutations in DNA repair genes may prevent mismatch repair Oncogenes accelerate cell growth gas pedal in a car Tumor Suppressor genes act as the breaks on a car Since tumor suppressor genes code for proteins that slow down cell growth regulate and division the loss of such proteins allows a cell to grow and divide in an uncontrolled fashion Tumor suppressor genes are a family of normal genes that instruct cells to produce proteins that restrain cell growth and division Cancer Begins with DNA damage Possible causes of cancer DNA damage or mutation Cancer incidence increases with age Age and cancer risk How Cancer Cells Develop Telomeres DNA unlaced junk DNA at the end of chromosomes fray at the ends with age Telomerase makes cancer cells immortal Angiogenesis formation of blood vessels around a tumor Cancer Spread and Mortality Research shows that most metastatic cancers induce premetastatic niches or 90 of Cancer Deaths Occur Because of Where cancer begins landing pads allowing cancerous cells to colonize a secondary organ Incidence and Mortality Metastasis Cancer s Deadly Weapon Cells of the immune system Antigens How the Immune System Works T VEC a type of immunotherapy The Effects of Bias Prevalence The role of genes and environment in cancer development Estimate of cancer deaths and their environmental cause Chemical and Cancer cause How are mutations inherited Facts about inherited cancer Leukemia
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