The Origin of HIV The year 1981 Reagan was president Morbidity and Mortality and Report 04 02 2012 o Oct 80 May 81 homosexuals were treated for pneumocystis pneumonia also had a virus and mucosal infection in lungs o In Los Angeles o Dr Michael Gottleib treated the first patient 31 year old gay man shortness of breath o only seen in patients with damaged immune systems o no helper or CD4 t cells leaves the person open to infections Strange Diseases in older people Kaposi s sarcoma KS relatively benign cancer that tends to occur o Viral induced skin lesion o Previously it was only seen in older men as you get older immune system loses strength Virus is present its whole life and the virus can copy o July 1981 41 cases of aggressive KS occurred amongst young itself gay men in NY and LA Too much of something that is relatively rare Increase in of cases of rare lung cancer in CA and NY Patient called for a refill of a drug that ususally cured in 10 days pentamidine immune system was crashing Virally induced cancer cancer that might be contagious The Story Unfolds April 22 1984 Dr Mason of the CDC says he has the cause of AIDS Researchers at Pasteur instititue discovered the virus the previous year April 23 1984 US health and human services secretary Margaret Heckler announced that Dr Robert Gallo of the NCI had isolated the AIDS virus HTLV III Said they hoped to have a vaccine in two years AIDS Activism in the early 80s Reagan administration was distanced from the disease Early activists were HIV gay men fighting for their lives o Felt that their life was on the line o Successful in getting more research done o Motivated because their friends were dying What is AIDS diseases Distribution Acquired you can get infected with it not inherited Immune deficiency weakness in the body s system that fights Syndrome group of health problems that make up a disease Die from secondary infections Not everyone who has HIV detected in them will develop AIDS Death by AIDS 2 million per year Majority sub Saharan Africa heterosexual transmission Homosexual population woke us up to this epidemic and got funding for research Homosexual transmission is the minority o Intravenous drug transmission is high in Africa Maternal to child infected blood infected organs affects younger people Majority of HIV positive individuals live in the developing world o 67 sub Saharan Africa o 15 million AIDS orphans Critics of HIV AIDS causation Peter H Duesberg o First person to identify oncogene o Expertise is retroviruses start as RNA and copy to DNA Kary Mullis o Polymerase chain reaction o Testing people for HPV and HIV happen through this technique Proposed that they are brought on by long term recreational sue of recreational drugs and or AZT Immune system breakdown in Africa can be explained by malnutrition poor drinking water and infection overload Retroviruses like HIV must be harmless to survive because after reverse transcription from RNA to DNA they depend on cell division to replicate South African president Thabo Mbeki voiced support for this and lose all support from country o Virus can t cause a syndrome o Refused to let HIV fighting drugs into South Africa o Meant to prevent transmitting drugs to mothers having children Increased plasma RNA concentration proportion of patients who develop AIDS within 6 years increases HIV has been isolated from every person with AIDS and has been cultured or confirmed by molecular techniques Accidental expusre to HIV in lab workers resulted in the development of AIDS no other risk factors present o Stuck themselves with a needle that had HIV Animal models of human AIDS o Monkeys and mice HIV 1 and HIV 2 1984 researchers discover the primary causative viral agent HIV 1 1986 second type of HIV HIV 2 was isolated from AIDS patients in West Africa Both 1 and 2 have the same modes of transmission and are associated with similar opportunistic infections and AIDS In HIV2 immunodeficiency develops more slowly and tends to be milder HIV2 infected individuals are less infectious early in the course of infection HIV1 and HIV 2 also differ in geographic patterns of infection the US has few reported cases of HIV 2 Monkeys and HIV Two strains of SIV came together in chimps who had eaten monkeys containing different strains of the virus The viruses DNA merged together forming HIV1 Passed to humans through handling of contaminated chimp flesh In Feb 1999 SIVcpz that was almost identical to HIV1 was found in The strain was identified in a frozen sample taken from a sub group of chimps once common in west central Africa Researchers claimed that this sample proved that chimps were the Theory wild chimps simultaneously infected with 2 different SIV which had viral sex forming a third virus that could be passed on to other chimps and was capable of infecting humans and causing chimps source of HIV1 AIDS o Viral sex highly pathogenic avian strain combines with human strain and produces newly highly pathogenic human strain How did HIV Cross Species The Hunter Theory SIVcpz was transferred to humans as the result of chimps being killed and eaten or their blood getting into cuts or Oral Polio Vaccine theory virus was transferred through the polio wounds on the hunter vaccine Kidney cells were taken from local chimps infected with SIVcmz February 2000 the Wistar Institute tested an old vial of polio vaccine no HIV or chimp SIV was found Macaque monkey kidney cells were used for the vaccine not cmz How did HIV Spread in Humans The contaminated Needle theory African healthcare professionals reused needles could have transferred HIV from hunters to population Colonialism Theory harsh labor camps lack of food poor sanitation weakened immune system could lead to HIV if SIV infected chimp was eaten Conspiracy Theory HIV is man made as bioweapon mainly to wipe out minorities and homosexuals o Ignores the clear link between SIV and HIV or the fact that the virus had been identified in people as far back as 1959 o Lack of genetic engineering technology available to create the virus at the time that AIDS first appeared Earliest known instances of HIV infection Plasma sample taken in 1959 from an adult male living in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo HIV found in tissue samples fro man American teenager who died in HIV found in tissue samples from a Norwegian sailor who died HIV1 might have been introduced into humans around the 1930s HIV2 is thought to come from the SIV in Sooty Mangabeys
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