MICROBIO 160 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11-20Lecture 11 (February 23)1. What is the purpose of screening?Screening tests can help find cancer at an early stage, before symptoms appear—when abnormal tissue or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat or cure—by the time the symptoms appear, the cancer may have grown and spread (this can make the cancer harder to treat or cure)- Screening tests are done when you have no cancer, before you notice any signs—You aretrying to establish a baseline of tests to see what the person looks like when they’re healthy—compare to later on when they have it2. What is the difference between Sensitivity and Specificity? Sensitivity is the percent of people with a specific cancer that actually have that cancer detectedby a test—If a test is not sensitive, there will be a lot of false negative results. Specificity is tryingto determine whether or not people actually have the cancer. If a screening test isn’t very specific, it will yield many false positives3. What is the purpose of Chemotherapy? The purpose of Chemotherapy is to indiscriminately kill all rapidly dividing cells throughout the entire body—There are over 100 different drugs available to treat cancer and each one has different properties and functions for destroying cancer cells- Routes of administration: pill, intramuscular injection (IM), intravenous administration (IV)4. Why is Radiation given in fractioned doses? You want to give Radiation in fractioned doses because the point is to minimize the death of healthy cells. Both the normal cells and cancer cells are susceptible to the radiation. When it is given in fractioned doses, in between the doses, the normal cells are repairing themselves and the tissue, however the cancer cells do not 5. What is combined modality? Combined modality is how Most cancers are now treated this—the advantage is minimizing chances of resistance developing to any one agent6. What is the difference between Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant?Neoadjuvant (preoperative treatment): designed to shrink the primary tumor, thereby rendering local therapy (surgery or radiotherapy) less destructive or more effective. Adjuvant(postoperative treatment): can be used when there is less evidence of cancer present, but thereis a risk of recurrence7. What is Palliative?Palliative is given without curative intent, but simply to decrease tumor load and increase life expectancy.Lecture 12 (February 25)1. What are the different types of mutations?- Point mutation: a substitution that happens during DNA synthesis- Silent mutation: mutation that doesn’t alter protein function—Protein has gained a mutation but doesn’t affect their protein function but may or may not change the aminoacid function- Missense mutation: different amino acid; resulting protein may have partial function- Nonsense mutation: specifies stop codon; truncated, non functional protein—When it gets to the stop codon, makes it stop—when you translate the message you no longer have a functionally protein- Frame-shift mutation is an addition or deletion changes the reading frame. 2. What are the 3 main gene families?- Oncogenes: presence contribute to uncontrolled cell proliferation and leading to cancer—arise from normal proto-oncogenes or viral oncogeneso Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help regulate cell growth and differentiation; When a proto-oncogene is mutated into an oncogene, this oncogene will accelerate cell growth and division (K-RAS)- Tumor suppressor genes: absence (inactivation) contribute to uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer (P-53)o Survey the cell’s daily activities, DNA health, and cell division progression (cell cycle)—Can stop cell division when DNA damage is detected; Can recruit DNA repair proteins to the site of damage and help with repair; Genes (alleles) come in pairs: one allele can make the tumor suppressor functional; Can induce apoptosis if repair isn’t effective- DNA Repair Genes: mutations in DNA repair genes lead to lack of DNA repair and can progress to cancer depending on the importance of the protein that is coded for by the mutated geneo DNA polymerase has a proofreading function, but errors still occur; Mutations in DNA repair genes can lead to a failure in repair, because the DNA repair protein isnot made or is not functional; DNA repair proteins detect and repair DNA damage at other times—their loss can affect daily cell function Lecture 13 (February 27)1. What are the different types of non-invasive and invasion breast cancer?Non-invasive:- Lobular Carcinoma in Situ- Ductal Carcinoma in SituInvasive:- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma - Invasive Lobular Carcinoma - Inflammatory Breast Cancer (Most aggressive)2. What is the purpose of hormones?The purpose of hormones is to function as a signal to the target cells—Actions can include stimulation or inhibition of growth, induction or suppression of apoptosis, activation or inhibition of the immune system, regulating metabolism and preparation for a new activity or phase of life3. Where is the estrogen target cell? What are the advantages and disadvantages of estrogen?The estrogen’s target tissue includes the breast, uterine lining, and liver. A disadvantage is that itcan cause cell proliferation, however its advantages are that it:- Safeguards the heart by controlling cholesterol production- Helping to maintain the proper balance between bone buildup and breakdown - Preserving bone strength 4. What is HER-2?Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER 2)- HER2 over expression affects 25-30% of breast cancer patients- HER2 amplification is predictive of a poor prognosis in breast cancer; less responsive to hormone treatment- HER2 over expression is also observed in tumors of the lung, intestine, prostate, andfallopian tubes5. What is the cumulative risk?Below the lines; little to no risk: BRCA ½ (-), HER2 (-)First line dotted: BRCA ½ (-), HER2 (+)3rd line: BRCA ½ (+), HER2 (-)Last line: BRCA ½ (+), HER2 (+)Lecture 14 (March 2)1. What types of surgery are available for breast cancer? - Lumpectomy: You take out the lump and some of the surrounding tissue—when a pathologist looks at the tissue they want to have clean margins—free of cancer (it is the most tissue-conserving method of breast cancer removal)- Wide excision: they remove the tumor and some of the surrounding tissue- Quadrectomy: they remove a large portion of the breast but not the entire breast-
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