BLS 342 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture I Maturation of Immune Cells II Cancer begins with Cell Damage III How Cancer Develops IV Cancer Cells V Growth Factors and Cancer VI Density Dependent Inhibition of Growth VII Anchorage Independent Growth VIII Telomeres and Immortality IX Metastasis and Angiogenesis X Cancer Progression Outline of Current Lecture I Evidence for Immune Reaction to Tumors II How does Cancer Escape Detection III Cancer Vaccines IV Antibodies that Stimulate Cell Killing V Conjugated Antibodies VI Antibodies that Block Receptors Current Lecture Evidence for Immune Reaction to Tumors your immune system is used to fight cancer Check for tumors if it isn t there anymore that means that the immune system saw the tumor and destroyed it Some tumors regress unexpectedly There is an increased incidence of primary and secondary malignancies in immunodeficient patients Immunodeficiency a condition in which your body cannot produce enough of the substances or cells that it would normally produce to fight infection There are T cells and antibodies floating around that are specific to the cancer The young and the very old lifetime exposure to hormones your immunes system stats to shut down have an increased occurrence of tumors we can be immunized against tumors If they are sitting at 1 their risk is a little higher than the general population Anything past 1 they have a high instance of cancer and it correlates to being on the immunosuppressive drugs How Does Cancer Escape Detection Before the cell transformed and became cancer it was just a normal cell your immune system is trained to not recognize our cells Tumor cells can look like normal cells DNA starts to become mutated unless it starts to affect the protein because then it gets recognized If there is a different surface protein the macrophage begins to recognize and destroy it Cancers that don t produce a strong immune response survive the cancer cells that are best achieve the ability to hide from the immune system Weak or non immunogenic cells survive and reproduce however sometimes the strong immunogenic cells can survive as well cancer divides so quickly that it overwhelms the immune system and avoids being destroyed Benign tumors can have a capsule as well as Malignant tumors allows the tumor to keep growing cancer cells surround themselves with dense connective tissue that shields them from immune attack Some cancer cells produce molecules that destroy T cells Cancer cells can shut off your immune system Elimination immune system recognizes and destroys the cancer Equilibrium when the cancer is mutating at a fast enough rate while your immune system is recognizing it and destroy them Escape Arrows mean activation curve arrows mean block its secreting some protein messenger cancer is block it and turning it off Cancer cells rely on proteins from nearby healthy cells to hide from the immune system cancer cells have blood vessels grow into it Antibodies recognize specific antigen if they stick to a protein that has cancer it takes away the disguise and sticks to it the macrophages come and destroy it Cancer cells produce proteins that suppress the immune system new drugs that can suppress the suppressors are being tested We can train T cells to recognize proteins that are linked to cancer cells Cancer Vaccines Cancer cells killer t cells dendritic cells trained immune cells that kill or shrink the cancer A few cancers cells are removed from the patient along with a few immune cells the immune and cancer cells are cultured together The immune cells will take antigens from the cancer cells they now recognize the cancer The immune cells are put back in the patient so they can recognize the tumor and alert the rest of the body We can produce anticancer antibodies in the lab These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Antibodies have a nice y shape The tips recognize the foreign protein Macrophage located at the other end recognize whenever a cell is covered by antibodies Antibodies that stimulate cell killing These antibodies function by targeting proteins on the surface of cancer cells The antibodies themselves mark the cancer cell for destruction by the immune system Rituxan specifically recognizes CD 20 proteins Doesn t distinguish between cancerous and noncancerous cells it ll cause the killing of all B cells in the system Allows the normal ones to come back Conjugated Antibodies this approach uses antibodies to target toxic molecules to the cancer cells Antibody targets the cell and brings the radioactivity right to the cancer cell An antibody has an amino protein attached to it and it causes the cancer cells to be recognized because they have escaped apoptosis Radiolabelled small radioactive particles attached Chemolabelled powerful chemotherapy drugs attached Immunotoxins cell toxins attached Antibodies that Block receptors these antibodies function is a blockade of growth signal Tratuzumab recognizes breast cancer cells that produce too much of the protein HER 2 are HER 2 positive Breast cancer test to see if a woman has a higher than normal HER 2 protein If they are at a high risk of reoccurrence you can put them on Herceptin to try to prevent the reoccurrence
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