Lecture 1 Death Rates Death rate of cancer only related 5 from 1950 2005 Impacts of Cancer 8 2 million deaths 14 million new cases 32 6 million people living with cancer 23 8 million new cases in 2030 43 of cancer deaths are due to tobacco diet and infection Designing Baby 1 Man has gene that causes breast cancer 2 His wife takes drugs to boost egg production and the couple undergo ivf to create up to 15 embryos 3 At day 3 a signal cell is taken from each embryo to look for gene 4 2 3 embryos without the gene were transferred to the mom Why do women live longer than men Lifestyle and men are more likely to engage in risky behavior Differences in Biology women are biologically tougher than men female hormones protect women from heart disease Biologically men are expandable at a younger age because their biological purpose does not depend on age Among people over 100 years old 85 are women Heart attack and stroke develop in men 10 years earlier than women Testosterone storm can induce risky behavior in men Depressed men have more successful suicide attempts Obesity related diseases might be the greatest threat to life Life Expectancy HIV AIDS and Cancer are Interrelated Initially HI AIDS reduced life expectancy in many areas of the world Better drugs elongate life HIV infection increase cancer risk Increased life expectancy means more chronic diseases and significantly increases risk for cancer Lecture 2 The Nature of Disease What is a Disease Is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions In human beings it generally is used for any condition that causes discomfort dysfunction distress social problems and or death or to someone in contact Broad Category of Disease Infections Pathogen mediated cold and flu Specific or combo organism Genetic Disease Problem in the genes Environment Molds Cigarettes Lead poisoning Cancer is infectious genetic environmental exposure Scientific Method Initial observations questions Hypothesis and predictions Experiments and data collection Analysis of data Summarize results Discuss limitations and conclusions Allograft cancer hat can be spread to other individuals not in humans This specific method attempts to explain natural occurrences of the universe by Identify future research results using a logical consistence systematic method of investigation A theory is a well tested well documented explanation that is well supported by evidence Very Old Cell Theory 1 All life forms are made from one or more cells 2 The cell is the smallest form basic unit of life 3 Spontaneously form NOPE Old Cell Theory 1 1 and 2 are the same 2 Cells develop from pre existing cells Modern Cell Theory 1 All living things are made up of cells 2 The cells is the structural and functional unit of all living things 3 All cells come from pre existing cells by composition division 4 All cells are basically the same in chemical composition 5 All energy flow metabolisms and biochemistry occur within cells Germ theory of disease pathogenic theory of medicine microorganisms are the cause of many diseases What is an Infectious Disease Detrimentral changes in the health of the host ocurrs as a result of damage caused by a pathogenic organism 1876 microbe proven to cause cancer Koch s Postulates in a healthy individual culture The suspected pathogen must always be found in diseased individuals but absent The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased individual and grow in a pure The pathogen from the pure cultures must cause the disease when inoculated into The same pathogen must be recovered from the newly diseased host that was a healthy susceptible host inoculated with the pure culture Factors that Reduce infectious Diseases in 20th Century Better nutrition Better housing Safer food water Antibiotics Immunization Improved hygiene and sanitation Factors Leading to the Emergence of Infectious Diseases Changes in demographics and behavior Environment change and land use Breakdown of public health measures Microbial adaption and change International travel and commence Changes in technology and industry As life expectancy improves infectious diseases will diminish and degenerative diseases stroke heart attack cancer will become the main cause of death Lecture 3 Infectious Disease and Introducing Cancer What is an infectious disease It s when a pathogenic organism negatively affects the health of it s host In 1876 Robert Koch was first to link a specific microbe to a specific disease Koch used a set of criteria to demonstrate that specific cause was a microbe Koch s Postulates In 1875 Robert Koch provided definitive proof of the germ theory by isolating the cause of anthrax and showing it to be a bacterium From this came the development of Koch s postulates a set of rules for the assignment of a microbe as the cause of a disease Koch s Postulates in a healthy individual 1 The pathogen must always be isolated from a deceased or dead animal Not found 2 The microorganisms are grown in a pure culture 3 The microorganisms are injected into a healthy laboratory animal 4 The disease is reproduced in a laboratory animal and the microorganisms are isolated form this animal 5 The microorganisms are grown in a pure culture 6 Microorganism are identified Infectious Disease mortality trends in the U S Infectious disease mortality has generally declined in the U S since 1990 but the trend has been up since 1980 when deaths reached a low of 36 per 100 00 In 1996 this rate was 59 per 100 000 Life Expectancy When life expectancy improves and the role of infectious disease diminishes more people survive to older ages and chronic degenerative diseases such as stroke heart disease and cancer make up a larger portion of deaths Cancer Characteristics Described by Egyptians 4 5 000 years ago Hippocrates is credited with being the first to recognize the difference between benign and malignant tumors The swollen blood vessels around the malignant tumors reminded him of crab claws so he called the disease kerkinos is an umbrella term for over 200 diseases that share two common factors Cancer 1 An uncontrolled growth of cells 2 The ability to invade and damage normal tissue either locally or at distant sites in the body differently nucleus How Cancer Develops The body is made up of hundreds of different types of cells which behave Same genetic information DNA but performs completely separate roles The life of each cell is mapped out in advance by coded instructions in the When the
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