Breast cancer Hormones and genes HPV Vaccines and cancer Throat cancer then and now Herd immunity Anatomy of the breast Until recently throat cancer was associated with age smoking and alcohol consumption No swab test for throat HPV throat PAP smear Studies have now shown that throat cancers in younger are often due to HPV infection Immunization of boys would prevent protect individuals AND would offer greater protection for all sexually active individuals Breast cancer types Ductal carcinoma Tissue type Lobular carcinoma Invasive Invasive Ductal Carcinoma IDC Non invasive Ductal Carcinoma In Situ DCIS Invasive Invasive Lobular Carcinoma ILC Non invasive Lobular Carcinoma In Situ LCIS Invasive breast cancer Occurs when abnormal cells from inside the milk ducts break out into nearby breast tissue Can travel from the breast to other parts of the body through blood stream lymphatic system Comprises between 70 80 of all breast cancer cases Noninvasive breast cancer Stays within the milk duct or lobules in the breast Don t grow or invade normal tissues beyond breast Sometimes called pre cancers Invasive lobular carcinoma ILC starts inside the lobule but grows into the surrounding normal tissue inside the breast accounts for 10 15 of all breast cancers Risk factors being a woman getting older inherited mutation or family history high bone density high breast density of a mammogram having had hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ LCIS exposed to large amounts of radiation at young age having more than one drink of alcohol per day never having children having first child after 35y starting menopause after age 55 being younger than 12 at time of first period current or recent use of birth control pills lifetime 1 in 8 women will get breast cancer Symptoms persistent lump thickening in breast or armpit area changes in color or skin of breast areola or nipple blood or discharge from the nipple newly retracted inverted pulled in nipple change in size or shape of breast Detecting breast cancer For non invasive For invasive Breast density breast self exam manual inspection mammography each breast is compressed horizontally then obliquely and an x ray is taken of each position lumpectomy open biopsy which is a surgical procedure in which all or part of lump is removed and tested for malignancy Breast density is important because it increases risk of breast cancer Dense breasts make it difficult to detect breast cancer on a mammogram Inflammatory breast cancer It s the most aggressive form and it s rare Often no lump formation cancer is a sheet Affects younger women and men too Metastasizes quickly Symptoms sudden increase in size temperature redness and itching ridged skin bruised swollen lymph nodes Hormones It s a chemical messenger from one cell to another Function as a signal to the target cells Produced by and secreted from endocrine glands Actions stimulation of growth suppression of apoptosis activation of immune system regulating metabolism Estrogen and cancer Main beneficial effects of estrogen include its roles in programming the breast and uterus for sexual reproduction Safeguards the heart by controlling cholesterol production Preserves bone strength by helping maintain proper balance between bone buildup and breakdown BUT it can also be harmful because of its ability to promote proliferation of cells in the breast and uterus HER 2 receptor and cell growth HER2 over expression affects 25 30 of breast cancer patients Makes it less responsive to hormone treatment HER2 over expression also observed in tumors of the lung intestine prostate and fallopian tubes HER2 cancer cells tell themselves to grow and divide into more cancer cells It s aggressive and has higher risk of breast cancer returning Breast cancer biology what we know
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