st Econ 101 1 Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture Cells Organization of Cells II The Cell Cycle The Cell Checkpoints III Growth Factors IV Cell Function and Cancer Characteristics of a Normal Cell and Cancer Cell V Protein Production V Genetic Code VII DNA Replication Outline of Current Lecture I Cancer II How Does Cancer Develop III New Tissue Groups IV Tumor Development Properties of Tumors V Tumor Grade and Cancer Survival VI Tumor Stage VII Different Kinds of Cancer VIII Cancer Cases and Cancer Deaths IX Five Year Survival Rates X Factors Influencing Survival Rates Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Mastectomy specimen When they take out a portion of the breast that is cancerous Hippocrates is credited with being the first to recognize the difference between benign and malignant tumors Swollen blood vessels around the malignant tumors reminded him of crab claws disease is called quirkiness Cancer is a term that refers to over 100 diseases that share two common characteristics An uncontrolled growth of cells The ability to invade and damage normal tissues either locally or distant sites in the body They start infiltrating the normal tissue around them Cell or a bunch of cells will break off from the major tissue from the body and travel to distant locations make a new tumor How does Cancer Develop Cancer develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control tumor When they grow out of control DNA damage 3 gene families oncogenes onco cancer genes whose protein products actually promote cancer DNA repair genes and tumor suppressor genes proteins responsible for surveying a cell induce apoptosis Damaged genes can be inherited 25 or due to environmental factors 75 In cancer cells the damaged DNA is not repaired and the damaged cell does not undergo apoptosis instead the cell begins to divide uncontrollably results in tumor Uncontrolled growth can have different types of manifestation Hyperplasia green stem dividing so they can give them to daughter cells Neoplasia Normal cells when they touch each other stop growing cancer cells start growing over each other infiltrate surrounding tissues Neoplasm abnormal tissue growth in which cells proliferate in an uncontrolled autonomous fashion leading to a tumor not listening to stop growing signals coming from other cells Tumor swelling caused by fluid build up or cell accumulation doesn t mean it s cancer Can be benign or malignant Stem cells divide dry skin scraped off has to be replace skin constantly replacing itself When they divide one of the cells stay basal cell and the other starts to mature As it matures it becomes square cells squamous cells Shred off dead cells Never become fully mature squamous cells Daughter cells could have inherited a mutation or gotten it from the environment Properties of Malignant and Benign Tumors Benign Malignant Growth Pattern local growth only spreads by invasion and metastasis malignant Life threatening rarely often Growth Rate usually may be rapid Cancerous cells big nucleus replication of DNA messed up Cancerous cells divide quickly Differentiation when the cell gains a specific job cell growing up and developing what it is supposed to be Benign can still perform the functions If it is well defined encapsulated there is a covering that helps define what type of tumor Hides tumor cancer from the immune system when it becomes malignant it breaks off Normal and Malignant Specimen Left organized few nuclei Healthy base of lamina support system for tissues Right less organized not well formed strangely shaped a lot more of nuclei Indicates the likelihood of cancer Tumor Grade and Cancer Survival tells you how bad it is once you get to diagnosis If a tumor is suspected to be malignant a doctor removes a sample of tissue or the entire tumor in a procedure biopsy Tumor Grade based on the microscopic appearance of cancer cells and is associated with five year survival rates 5 year survival how many people at the same grade of tumor that was diagnosed are alive 5 years later individual cancers have differed survival rates Guidelines for Grading Tumors Grade Description GX grade cannot be assessed G1 well differentiated low grade G2 moderately differentiated intermediate grade G3 poorly differentiated high grade G4 undifferentiated high grade Tumor Stage how large the tumor has grown and how far it has spread Where is the location of the primary tumor Where did it begin did it metastasized it has spread to other organs Has it spread to the lymph node Tumor gets bigger throughout stages staging can predict 5 year survival rates by comparing to other people at the same stage Tumor Stage and Lymph Node Involvement Primary tumor lymph node closest to the tumor sentinel nodes Stage and Size work together Infiltrate into tissue blood vessels starting to grow into stage metastasize growing Different Kinds of Cancer transition cells move fast Leukemia type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells but no tumor forms White blood cells cancerous floating around Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that occurs when B or T cells divide faster than or live longer than normal Lymphoma may develop in the lymph nodes spleen bone marrow blood or other organ and eventually they form a tumor Lymphoma abnormal so don t do a good job with the immune system The majority of cancers are carcinomas 85 cancers that begin in the skin or in tissues that line or cover body organs Types of Carcinomas squamous cells line different parts of the body mouth esophagus lungs adeno cells lining on all the glands in the body stomach ovaries kidneys prostate transitional cells only found in the lining of the bladder and parts of the urinary system basal cells found in one of the layers in the skin Relative Frequencies of Cancer Cases and Cancer Deaths There s a disconnect between what s being diagnosed each year versus what the people die from 50 skin cancer cases however death very low slow growing almost never invade and metastasize biggest death caused by lung cancer smoking Five Year Survival Rates how bad are the different types of cancer in comparison to other types of cancer High cancer fast growing the organ of which they re found can be disrupted quickly Factors Influencing Survival Rates some cancers don t respond to
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