MicroBio 160 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 2 10 Lecture 2 January 23 1 What is considered a disease What are the 3 categories of disease A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions It is any disease that causes discomfort dysfunction distress social problems and or death to the person afflicted or similar problems for those in contact with the person It includes Injuries Disabilities Disorders Syndromes Infections Symptoms Deviant behaviors The three categories of diseases are Infectious disorders caused by organisms Bacteria viruses fungi and parasites Genetic disease caused by abnormalities in an individual s genetic material Down syndrome Turner syndrome Klinefelter s syndrome Environmental illnesses and conditions caused by factors in the environment Molds pollution cigarette smoke lead poisoning 2 What was the purpose of the Meat and Maggot Experiment and what did it disprove The purpose of the Meat and Maggot experiment is to disprove that dirty rags don t turn into mice Francesco Redi challenged the idea of Spontaneous Generation when he performed the Meat and Maggot Experiment Spontaneous generation is the production of living organisms from nonliving matter It disproved spontaneous generation for larger animals Spontaneous generation was disproved by showing that maggots arose from meat only when flies laid eggs 3 Purpose of the Germ Theory of Disease Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation overall forming the germ theory of disease and inventing the process of pasteurization The Germ Theory of Disease pathogenic theory of medicine proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases Experiment 1 Boiling kills microorganisms time closed flask traps micro organisms no nutrient growth Experiment 2 Boiling kills microorganisms break stem time microorganisms enter open flask and grow rapidly microbial growth 4 What does Koch s Postulate prove In 1876 a microbe was proven to cause disease Robert Koch proved that Bacillus Anthraces caused anthrax Koch s Postulate is a set of rules for the assignment of a microbe as the cause of a disease isolated the cause of anthrax showed to be a bacterium The pathogen bacteria must be present in all diseased individuals Pathogen is isolated from the host with the disease and grown in a pure culture The diseased individual must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy susceptible pathogen host The pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen must recover and go back to normal when separated 5 What are the Factors that decrease the infectious Diseases in the 20th Century Decrease in host succeptibility Decrease in disease transmission o Better housing Better nutrition Safer food and water Immunizations Improved Hygiene Antibiotics 6 What are the Factors Leading to the Emergence of Infectious Diseases Increase in host susceptibility New diseases Increase in disease transmission o Changes in demographics and behavior Changes in technology and industry International travel and commerce Microbial Adaption and change Breakdown of public health measures Environmental change and land use Lecture 3 January 26 1 How does Protein Production work Deoxyribonucleic acid is transcribed into Ribonucleic acid which is then translated into amino acids proteins RNA Polymerase the protein enzyme that makes mRNA from DNA Ribosomes RNA leaves the nucleus and joins the ribosomes which translate into amino acids 2 What is the purpose of the cell cycle checkpoints Cells have checkpoints to regulate the cell cycle set of questions if any answers to the questions are no the cell cycle pauses until there are enough changes that the answer becomes a yes if yes isn t possible the cell can exit the cycle or begin apoptosis process of programmed cell death The purpose of the cell cycle checkpoints are to make sure the cell has done everything and is ready to divide 3 What are Growth Factors Growth Factors are proteins that stimulate cell growth and division Can be self produced or come from another cell Growth factors bind to a growth receptor and start a signal cascade signaling molecules between cells results in transcription factor activation further results transcription of growth related genes The blue dots resemble the different proteins that eventually turn on the orange transcribing genes 4 What are the Nucleic Acid Bases DNA Bases T A C G RNA Bases U A C G DNA reads synthesizes and proofreads Bases have assignments A G C G if they don t go to the correct one then it will more than likely change to the correct one Lecture 4 January 30 1 What are the 2 different types of circulatory systems Blood Lymph Has color red blue Colorless Circulates in closed circuit Open circuit interstitial space space in between your cells vascular system Vascular system blood arteries veins heart main transport system of the body No red blood cells Red blood cells Low protein concentration High protein concentration Less nutrients and waste More nutrients and waste More immune cells Exchange in capillary network Exchange in capillary network 2 What is the difference between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity Innate Immunity these components are always TURNED ON and are not antigen specific Phagocytes Macrophages eat things Adaptive Immunity these components are TURNED ON in response to specific antigens Adaptive system can take two weeks to turn on highly specific Adaptive system recognizes the antigens innate doesn t 3 What is the purpose of antibodies Antibody a protein produced in response to antigen invasion Antigen specific meaning that antibody A only recognizes only antigen A Antigen determinants on antigen foreign protein recognized by the immune system as a threat Lecture 5 February 4 1 What are the major types of tissue growth Hypertrophy increase in cell size normal organization Hyperplasia increase in cell number normal organization Dysplasia disorganized growth Neoplasia disorganized growth net increase in number of dividing cells 2 What is the difference between Benign and Malignant Benign Malignant Growth Patterns Local growth only Spreads by invasion and metastasis Life threatening Rarely Often Growth Rate Usually May be rapid 3 What is the tumor grading evaluation Tumor Grade based on the microscopic appearance of cancer cells and is associated with five year survival rates Grade Description GX Grade cannot be assessed G1 Well differentiated low grade
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