MicroBio 160 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2 - 10Lecture 2 (January 23)1. What is considered a disease? What are the 3 categories of disease?A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions. It is any disease that causes discomfort, dysfunction distress, social problems, and or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. It includes:- Injuries, Disabilities, Disorders, Syndromes, Infections, Symptoms, Deviant behaviorsThe three categories of diseases are:- Infectious: disorders caused by organisms (Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites)- Genetic: disease caused by abnormalities in an individual’s genetic material (Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome)- Environmental: illnesses and conditions caused by factors in the environment (Molds, pollution, cigarette smoke, lead poisoning)2. What was the purpose of the Meat and Maggot Experiment and what did it disprove? The purpose of the Meat and Maggot experiment is to disprove that dirty rags don’t turn into mice. Francesco Redi challenged the idea of Spontaneous Generation when he performed the Meat and Maggot Experiment. Spontaneous generation is the production of living organisms from nonliving matter. It disproved spontaneous generation for larger animals. Spontaneous generation was disproved by showing that maggots arose from meat only when flies laid eggs. 3. Purpose of the Germ Theory of Disease:Louis Pasteur: disproved spontaneous generation overall, forming the germ theory of disease and inventing the process of pasteurization. The Germ Theory of Disease (pathogenic theory of medicine): proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases -Experiment 1: Boiling kills microorganisms—time—closed flask (traps microorganisms)— no nutrient growth; Experiment 2: Boiling kills microorganisms—break stem—time—microorganisms enter open flask and grow rapidly—microbial growth4. What does Koch’s Postulate prove?In 1876, a microbe was proven to cause disease. Robert Koch proved that Bacillus Anthraces caused anthrax. Koch’s Postulate is a set of rules for the assignment of a microbe as the cause of a disease (isolated the cause of anthrax, showed to be a bacterium)-The pathogen (bacteria) must be present in all diseased individuals—Pathogen is isolated from the host with the disease and grown in a pure culture –The diseased individual must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible pathogen host—The pathogen must be re-isolated and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen (must recover and go back to normal when separated)5. What are the Factors that decrease the infectious Diseases in the 20th Century?- Decrease in host succeptibility, Decrease in disease transmission o Better housing, Better nutrition, Safer food and water, Immunizations, Improved Hygiene, Antibiotics6. What are the Factors Leading to the Emergence of Infectious Diseases?- Increase in host susceptibility, New diseases, Increase in disease transmission o Changes in demographics and behavior, Changes in technology and industry, International travel and commerce, Microbial Adaption and change, Breakdown of publichealth measures, Environmental change and land use Lecture 3 (January 26)1. How does Protein Production work?Deoxyribonucleic acid is transcribed into Ribonucleic acid, which is then translated into amino acids (proteins)- RNA Polymerase: the protein enzyme that makes mRNA from DNA; Ribosomes: RNA leaves the nucleus and joins the ribosomes which translate into amino acids2. What is the purpose of the cell cycle checkpoints?Cells have checkpoints to regulate the cell cycle— set of questions— if any answers to the questions are no, the cell cycle pauses until there are enough changes that the answer becomes a yes— if yes isn’t possible, the cell can exit the cycle or begin apoptosis (process of programmed cell death) The purpose of the cell cycle checkpoints are to make sure the cell has done everything and is ready to divide.3. What are Growth Factors?Growth Factors are proteins that stimulate cell growth and division - Can be self produced or come from another cell –Growth factors bind to a growth receptor and start a signal cascade (signaling molecules between cells)—results in transcription factor activation— further results transcription of growth related genes—The blue dots resemble the different proteins that eventually turn on the orange transcribing genes 4. What are the Nucleic Acid Bases?DNA Bases: T—A, C—G ; RNA Bases: U—A, C—G –DNA reads, synthesizes, and proofreads: Bases have assignments A—G, C—G, if they don’t go to the correct one then it will more than likely change to the correct one Lecture 4 (January 30)1. What are the 2 different types of circulatory systems?Blood LymphHas color: red/blue ColorlessCirculates in closed circuit Open circuit (interstitial space: space in between your cells, vascular system)Vascular system (blood, arteries, veins, heart—main transport system of the body)No red blood cellsRed blood cells Low protein concentrationHigh protein concentration Less nutrients and wasteMore nutrients and waste More immune cellsExchange in capillary network Exchange in capillary network2. What is the difference between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity?Innate Immunity: these components are always “TURNED ON” and are not antigen specific (Phagocytes (Macrophages) eat things)Adaptive Immunity: these components are “TURNED ON” in response to specific antigens (Adaptive system can take two weeks to turn on (highly specific); Adaptive system recognizes the antigens, innate doesn’t)3. What is the purpose of antibodies?Antibody: a protein produced in response to antigen invasion –“Antigen specific” meaning that antibody A only recognizes only antigen A—Antigen determinants on antigen: “foreign” protein recognized by the immune system as a threat Lecture 5 (February 4)1. What are the major types of tissue growth?Hypertrophy: increase in cell size, normal organization; Hyperplasia: increase in cell number, normal organization; Dysplasia: disorganized growth; Neoplasia: disorganized growth, net increase in number of dividing cells2. What is the difference between Benign and Malignant?Benign MalignantGrowth Patterns Local growth only Spreads by invasion and metastasis Life threatening Rarely OftenGrowth Rate
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