Lecture 1 Cancer People to know Samantha Weinstein Edward Kennedy brain cancer 77 years old Patrick Dennis Hopper prostate cancer 77 years old Cancer death rate has not decreased significantly compared to heart disease stroke and flu in the past since 1950 2012 Estimated US Cancer Cases Men Women Breat 29 Prostate cancer 29 Cancer the uncontrolled growth of abnormal or malignant cells in the Lung and bronchus 14 Lungs and bronchus 14 body Cancer cells continue to divide creating worse symptoms and also Colon and rectum 9 Colon and rectum 9 Uterine corpus 6 Thyroid 5 Urinary bladder 7 metastasize or grow into other tissues in the body Melanoma 4 Melanoma 5 General name with greater than 10 diseases Kidney and renal pelvis 3 Kidney and renal pelvis 5 Many kinds All other 20 Lymphoma 4 Leukemia 3 Start from abnormal cell growth All Other 18 Untreated cancer can cause illness and death Normal cells grow and divide Children have much more cell division and are prone 1 Adult cells divide only to replace worn out or dying cells Hallmarks of cancer Uncontrolled cell growth Cell division Metastasis Ways to prevent cancer Weight aim to be a healthy weight throughout life Physical activity be physically active every day for 30 minutes or more Diet choose mostly plant foods limit red and avoid processed meat 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will get some sort of cancer in their lifetime Although incidence rates in children have increased death rates have decreased How to generate cancer free children Man inherits gene which has caused breast cancer in three generations His wife takes drugs to boost egg production sand the couple undergo IVF to create up to 15 embryos At three days old a single cell is taken from each embryo The DNA is extracted and tested using chemicals which will show bad genes Two of the health embryos are transferred into the woman with a cancer free baby 2 Total number of people living with HIV 33 3 million HIV AIDS Adults 30 8 million Women 15 9 million Children 2 5 million People newly infected with HIV in 2009 2 6 million AIDS deaths in 2009 1 8 million Adults and children living with AIDS across the globe North America 1 5 million stable Central and South America 1 4 million Sub Saharan Africa 22 5 million South and South East Asia 4 1 million decreasing Middle East 460 000 Oceania 57 000 AIDS in white Americans have decreased while Latino and Natives persisted since 1985 However Black Americans in the US have increased significantly since 1985 3 Top 10 states with AIDS by 100 000 District of Columbia 148 1 New York 24 9 Maryland 24 8 Florida 21 7 Louisiana 20 5 Delaware 19 8 Georgia 19 7 South Carolina 16 8 Connecticut 15 1 Pennsylvania 14 1 1 in 5 people living in the United States are unaware they have HIV Every 9 5 minutes someone in the United States is infected with HIV However in 2009 there was a decrease in infection rate Life Expectancy how your personal health status environment and genetics interact to affect your life expectancy When public health care is provided the life expectancy is higher while spending and infant mortality is decreased Gender vs Longevity women live longer Chemical differences men are more likely to engage in risky behavior testosterone 4 Differences in biology there is growing evidence that women are biologically tougher than men Female hormones estrogen protect women from heart disease Biology men are expendable at a younger age because their genetic investment does not depend on their personal survival Factors of increased life expectancy Vaccination Antibiotics Nutrition Decrease in unhealthy food Sanitation hygiene Healthcare However living longer means experiencing chronic conditions that prevent you from doing what you want to do requiring ongoing care and result in disabilities HIV AIDS and Cancer are interwoven Initially HIV reduced life expectancy in many areas of the world Better drugs allow for increased life expectancy in HIV infected individuals HIV infection increases cancer risk Increased life expectancy means more chronic diseases and increased cancer risk 5 Lecture 2 The Nature of Disease Samantha Weinstein Disease an abnormal condition of an organism tat impairs bodily functions In human beings disease is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes discomfort dysfunction distress social problems and death Includes injuries disabilities disorders syndromes infections isolated symptoms deviant behaviors or atypical variation of function Sexual addiction engaging in persistent and escalating patterns of sexual behavior acted out despite increasing negative consequences to self and others tiger woods Examples of other diseases Obesity Alcoholism PTSD accelerates HIV disease progression and heart disease Infectious disease pathogen mediated specific organism or combination of organisms Genetic disease caused by abnormalities in an individuals genetic material Down syndrome turner syndrome Environmental disease caused from molds cigarette smoke radon and lead poisoning Scientific Method Initial observations and questions Hypothesis and predictions Experiments and data collection Analysis of the data and perform calculations to test hypothesis 6 Discussion of limitations and conclusion Identification of future research needs Spontaneous generation living things can come from nonliving things Aristotle Jean Baptist Van Helmont mice come from dirty rags rotting grains Francesco Redi challenged the idea of spontaneous generation Anton van Leuwenhoek first person to make a single lens microscope and observe Robert Hooke first compound microscope and coined the term cell The Cell Theory All life forms are made from one or more cells Cells only arise from pre existing cells The cell is the smallest form of life Pluripotent a stem cell that has started to undergo changes and cannot become any kind of cell and slightly limited Totipotent a stem cell that can become any kind of cell in the body omnipotent 7 The Germ theory of disease proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases Also called the pathogenic theory of medicine Theory of spontaneous generation idea that non living objects can give rise to living ones First thought of around the 4th century BC people believed that simple living organisms could come into being spontaneously Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation and forms the germ theory Infectious disease a disease that detrimental changes in the health of the host occur as a
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