Prostate and testicular cancers Definition cancer that forms in tissues of the prostate a gland in the male reproductive system It usually occurs in older men Prostate gland that helps regulate flow of urine and semen through urethra and out of the penis 98 prostate cancer 5 year survival rate no or few symptoms doesn t get diagnosed until at a later stage frequent urination difficulty urinating blood in the urine semen pain or burning on urination prostate cancer most frequently metastasizes to the bones causing bone pain Symptoms weak urine flow Risk factors Race African American men are 1 6x more likely to develop prostate cancer Aging Hormones Diet consuming large amounts of fat Family history Staging tests and staging Chemicals early exposure to BPA working with pesticides and cadmium Trichomonas vaginalis infection STI and prostate cancer incidence and mortality Physical exam digital rectal exam Bone scan CT scan MRI Staging depends on whether tumor has invaded nearby tissue has spread to lumph nodes or other parts of body like bones grade Gleason score of the prostate tumor PSA level prostate specific antigen blood level rises when carcinoma of the prostate is present Prostate specific antigen PSA Secreted by epithelial cells of prostate Allows sperm to have greater movement in semen Often elevated in presence of prostate cancer disorders PSA traditional cancer screening technique Screening doesn t significantly diminish mortality and can cause significant side effects Prostate cancer grade and stage are used together to determine prognosis TNM staging scheme used for prostate cancer TNM staging gained via full body imaging Information is combined with Gleason Grading to generate a prognosis and a treatment regime Treatments Active surveillance Surgery Radiation therapy Hormone therapy Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Entire prostate can be removed in several ways radical retropubic prostatectomy laparoscopic prostatectomy robotic prostectomy radical perineal prostatectomy Surgery Statistics Death rate 1 in 35 Most men are over 70 at time of diagnosis and die of other causes Localized prostate cancer 5 yr survival 100 Metastatic prostate cancer 5 yr survival 33
View Full Document
Unlocking...