MicroBio 160 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I What is Prostate Cancer II Staging Tests and Staging III IV Gleason Score Prostate Cancer Grade and Stage are used Together to Determine Prognosis V Treatments and Statistics VI Surgery VII Hormones VIII Complications IX Testicular Cancer X Symptoms XI Risk Factors XII Diagnosis and treatment Outline of Current Lecture I Brain Tumor Facts II Distribution III Risk in Males and Females IV Symptoms V Areas of the Brain VI Diagnosis These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute VII Treatment VIII Prognosis IX 5 Year Survival Rate Based on Age Current Lecture Brain Tumor Facts Each year more than 200 000 people in the United States are diagnosed with a primary or metastatic brain tumor Brain tumors are the leading cause of solid tumor cancer death in children under the age of 20 There are over 120 different types of brain tumors which makes effective treatment complicated Distribution metastatic brain tumors have the greatest incidence rate with breast lung and melanoma being the most common cancers to metastasize to the brain Meningiomas are the most common type of primary brain tumors at 27 4 o Location determines symptoms and treatment The Giloma family of tumors 44 4 of all tumors Glioblastoma is the most common and deadliest type 52 Astrocytoma is second 22 Glia cells form supportive structures in the brain Microglia are the immune system cells of the brain Risk in Males and Females lifetime risk males have 66 lifetime risk of being diagnosed with a primary malignant brain tumor and a 50 chance of dying from a brain tumor Females have a 54 lifetime risk of being diagnosed with a primary malignant brain tumor and a 41 chance of dying from a brain tumor strong sex difference Symptoms A new seizure in an adult Gradual loss of movement or sensation in an arm or leg Unsteadiness or imbalance especially if it is associated with headache Loss of vision in one or both eyes especially if the vision loss is more peripheral Double vision especially if it is associated with headache same thing twice and simply offset Hearing loss with or without dizziness indicate different types of tumors Speech difficulty of gradual onset different functions controlled by different parts of the brain Other symptoms may also include nausea or vomiting that is most severe in the morning confusion and disorientation and memory loss Areas of the brain Cerebellum controls your balance orients you into space Gradual loss of movement or sensation in an arm or leg Unsteadiness or imbalance especially if it is associated with headache o Nausea vomiting balance sensation problems Frontal lobe how you express your emotions Left math Right creativity Parietal Lobe front band controls a lot of your body movements Occipital lobe where you sleep eyes collect light and transmission then this area interprets the vision Sensory speech area of Wernicke not able to speak clearly also can be because of the motor speech area of Broca Vision problems Temporal lobe or occipital lobe Diagnosis The location of a brain tumor influences the type of symptoms that occur o However a brain tumor takes up space within the skull and can interfere with normal brain activity in any region irregardless of location mass effect Neurological exam and imaging X ray CT or MRI Contrast highlights cancer and is used to differentiate between malignant and benign brain tumors take images with and without contrast to see if something enhances benign tumors do not enhance Treatment Surgery craniotomy radiation therapy and chemotherapy Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are generally used as secondary or adjuvant treatments for tumors that cannot be managed using only surgery radiation and chemotherapy may be used without surgery if the tumor is inoperable Combined treatment approaches are becoming increasingly common This modality can utilize a range of therapies and drug agents in combination with standard treatment including immunotherapy and angiogenesis inhibitors o Wafer impregnated with radioactive components put inside where the tumor is then close you back out o Tiny bits of material put where the blood vessels that are feeding the tumors are broken away and stop feeding it Prognosis Greatly depends on all of the following Type size location and extent of the tumor Can get big before it has an effect slow growing Presence or absence of metastasis The tumor s response to therapy Patient s age overall health and medical history Patient s tolerance of specific medications procedures or therapies Life Expectancy According to the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States CBTRUS 28 8 of adult males and 31 6 of adult females are alive five years after their diagnoses 5 Year Survival Rate Based on Age Type of tumor 20 44 45 54 55 64 Low grade diffuse 65 43 21 astrocytoma Anaplastic astrocytoma 49 29 10 Glioblastoma 17 6 4 Oligodendroglioma 85 79 64
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