MicroBio 160 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I. What is Prostate Cancer?II. Staging Tests and Staging III. Gleason ScoreIV. Prostate Cancer Grade and Stage are used Together to Determine Prognosis:V. Treatments and StatisticsVI. SurgeryVII. Hormones VIII. ComplicationsIX. Testicular CancerX. SymptomsXI. Risk FactorsXII. Diagnosis and treatmentOutline of Current Lecture I. Brain Tumor FactsII. DistributionIII. Risk in Males and FemalesIV. SymptomsV. Areas of the BrainVI. DiagnosisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.VII. TreatmentVIII. PrognosisIX. 5-Year Survival Rate Based on AgeCurrent LectureBrain Tumor Facts: - Each year more than 200,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with a primary or metastatic brain tumor- Brain tumors are the leading cause of solid tumor cancer death in children under the ageof 20 - There are over 120 different types of brain tumors, which makes effective treatment complicatedDistribution: metastatic brain tumors have the greatest incidence rate with breast, lung and melanoma being the most common cancers to metastasize to the brain - Meningiomas are the most common type of primary brain tumors at 27.4%o Location determines symptoms and treatment- The Giloma family of tumors= 44.4% of all tumors- Glioblastoma is the most common and deadliest type (52%)- Astrocytoma is second (22%)- Glia cells form supportive structures in the brain - Microglia are the immune system cells of the brainRisk in Males and Females: lifetime risk males have .66% lifetime risk of being diagnosed with a primary malignant brain tumor and a .50% chance of dying from a brain tumor; Females have a .54% lifetime risk of being diagnosed with a primary malignant brain tumor and a .41% chance ofdying from a brain tumor (strong sex difference) Symptoms: - A new seizure in an adult- Gradual loss of movement or sensation in an arm or leg- Unsteadiness or imbalance, especially if it is associated with headache- Loss of vision in one or both eyes, especially if the vision loss is more peripheral- Double vision, especially if it is associated with headache (same thing twice and simply offset)- Hearing loss with or without dizziness (indicate different types of tumors)- Speech difficulty of gradual onset (different functions controlled by different parts of the brain) - Other symptoms may also include nausea or vomiting that is most severe in the morning, confusion and disorientation, and memory loss.Areas of the brain:Cerebellum: controls your balance—orients you into space- Gradual loss of movement or sensation in an arm or leg - Unsteadiness or imbalance, especially if it is associated with headacheo Nausea, vomiting, balance, sensation problemsFrontal lobe: how you express your emotions - Left: math; Right: creativityParietal Lobe: front band controls a lot of your body movements Occipital lobe: where you sleep (eyes collect light and transmission—then this area interprets the vision)Sensory speech area of Wernicke: not able to speak clearly also can be because of the motor speech area of BrocaVision problems: Temporal lobe or occipital lobe Diagnosis: - The location of a brain tumor influences the type of symptoms that occur. o However, a brain tumor takes up space within the skull and can interfere with normal brain activity in any region irregardless of location = mass effect- Neurological exam and imaging (X-ray, CT, or MRI)- Contrast – “highlights” cancer and is used to differentiate between malignant and benignbrain tumors (take images with and without contrast to see if something enhances—benign tumors do not enhance) Treatment: - Surgery (craniotomy), radiation therapy, and chemotherapy- Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are generally used as secondary or adjuvant treatments for tumors that cannot be managed using only surgery—radiation and chemotherapy may be used without surgery if the tumor is inoperable.- Combined treatment approaches are becoming increasingly common—This modality can utilize a range of therapies and drug agents in combination with standard treatment including immunotherapy and angiogenesis inhibitorso Wafer: impregnated with radioactive components—put inside where the tumor is then close you back outo Tiny bits of material put where the blood vessels that are feeding the tumors are broken away and stop feeding it Prognosis: Greatly depends on all of the following- Type, size, location, and extent of the tumor (Can get big before it has an effect, slow growing) - Presence or absence of metastasis- The tumor's response to therapy- Patient’s age, overall health, and medical history- Patient’s tolerance of specific medications, procedures, or therapiesLife Expectancy: According to the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), 28.8 % of adult males and 31.6 % of adult females are alive five years after their diagnoses. 5-Year Survival Rate Based on Age:Type of tumor 20-44 45-54 55-64Low grade (diffuse) 65% 43% 21%astrocytomaAnaplastic astrocytoma49% 29% 10%Glioblastoma 17% 6% 4%Oligodendroglioma 85% 79%
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