Microbio 160 Exam 3 Review Syncitia When the cell is producing gp120 makes it sticky the surface is covered So all the cells will clump around it making it easier to infect neighboring cells What makes elephants special They have 20 copies of the p53 gene By having many copies of this functional gene if one doesn t work then they have plenty of backups Surgery taking away part of all of the tumor Chemotherapy some kind of chemical compound that is typically non specific Targets actively growing cells Radiation Non specific blast an area with ionization energy Want to hit tumor but will hit all the cells between the tumor and the surface of the skin Is given in doses Treatments HIV A disease that usually infects people with compromised immune systems elderly they were seeing it in very healthy and young individuals Karposi s Sarcoma effected mostly homosexual males This certain drug was never used suddenly everyone was requesting it April 22rd 1984 they figured out what HIV was France April 23rd the next day HIV is a syndrome you acquire it does not get passed down Secondary infection kills you not HIV Once immune system is extremely compromised AIDS develops Very famous people who do not believe that AIDS comes from HIV Every patient that has been diagnosed with HIV we can find the virus inside the patient Mbeki HIV 1 and HIV 2 What is a virus Had many denialists on his health board they all told him to not treat HIV It resulted in 300 000 people dying from him not aiding in the fight against HIV In contrast Thailand was very proactive and saved many lives They are pretty much the same except a little bit different Very similar virus called cpzSIV in monkeys that jumped to humans Two majors theories The hunter theory people who lived off the land hunted infected animals SIV infected blood got close enough to become HIV A protein capsid shell capsid houses nucleic acid DNA RNA Some viruses can have an envelope or not have one Viruses generally invade the immune system Biology of HIV Proteins on surface gp120 gp41 important for getting into the cell HIV has RNA HIV looks for CD4 white cells Gp120 interacts with the CD4 receptor Gp41 then interacts with the co receptor either CCR5 CXCR4 Replication of HIV HIV sends it s RNA into the cell Reverse Transcriptase takes RNA and converts it back into DNA complementary DNA cDNA Makes double stranded DNA Take DNA and import it into the nucleus DNA is integrated into the genome by integrase RNA transcribed gets imported into the cytoplasm and ribosomes make proteins from the RNA Mature HIV then buds off from the host cell Takes viral DNA and integrates it into the genome Chops up long strands of amino acids and makes it into smaller functioning HIV Integrase Protease sequences T Helper Cells They are the commanding officers They activate B cells turn them into plasma cells which make antibodies Activate Killer T cells which will go and destroy HIV infected T Cells Progression to AIDS CD4 count will drop go back up then drop drastically HIV does not kill you it s the opportunist infection that comes along when your immune system is weakened Elite Controllers Very rare Denialists love them LTNP Take a very long time to progress to AIDS Low viral load No need for medication Transmission Through semen vaginal fluid blood breast milk HIV can be transmitted through intercourse microtears in the linings of tissue Types of HIV Tests Screening tests can be done quickly and for large groups of people Confirmatory test more rigorous to determine if you have the infection Nucleoside nucleotide RT inhibitors or anologues are faulty DNA building blocks When these faulty pieces are incorporates into the HIV DNA during the process when the HIV RNA is converted to HIV DNA the DNA chain cannot be completed Goals of HIV Treatment Want to lower viral load Not cure it but manage it Atripla One tablet that has three drugs Taken once a day Preventative Vaccines Preventative take the vaccine before you get the disease and you re protected HIV has a high mutation so it s extremely difficult to make a preventative vaccine
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