MAN3240 Midterm Exam Study Guide 50 Multiple Choice Questions 2 pts each 5 Short Responses 10 points each It was also stated that if you complete all 7 short responses only your top 5 answers will be calculated into your final grade 1 Hawthorn Studies pg 6 The essence of the Hawthorne studies was to manipulate a variety of workplace factors and measure the effects on worker performance Interviews do not support initial conclusions about positive effect of supportive supervision Money fear of unemployment managerial discipline and high quality raw materials were responsible for high output Created by Douglas McGregor Assumptions were pessimistic and negative typical of how managers traditionally 2 Theory X pg 6 perceived employees 3 Theory Y pg 6 Created by Douglas McGregor A modern and positive set of assumptions about people at work He believed managers could accomplish more through others by viewing them as committed and responsible Believed managers could accomplish more through others by viewing them as self energized committed responsible and creative beings Page 1 of 11 4 Contingency approach to management pg 7 Calls for using management concepts and techniques in a situationally appropriate manner instead of trying to rely on the one best way Encourages managers to view organizational behavior within a situational context 5 Social capital pg 8 The productive potential of strong trusting and cooperative relationships Both employees and their employers invest in human and social capital with the intention of reaping future returns or benefits 6 Organizational culture pg 32 The set of shared taken for granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives and reacts to its various environments First organizational culture is passed on to new employees Secondly organizational culture influences our behavior at work Thirdly organizational culture operates at different levels Shaped by 4 key components o Founders values o Business environment o National culture o Senior leaders 7 Organizational Culture types pg 37 Three different frameworks are used to capture the various types of organizational behavior but we only focus on the Competing Values Framework It provides a practical way for managers to understand measure and change organizational culture Clan Culture control Has an internal focus and values flexibility rather than stability and Encourages collaboration between employees Page 2 of 11 Adhocracy Culture Has an external focus and values flexibility Fosters the creation of innovative produces and services by being adaptable creative and fast to respond to changes in the market place Has a strong external focus and value stability and control Driven by competition and a strong desire to deliver results and Market Culture accomplish goals Hierarchy Culture Has an internal focus which produces a more formalized and structured work environment and values stability and control over flexibility Leads to the development of reliable internal processes extensive measurement and the implementation of a variety of control mechanisms 8 Global mindset requirements pg 59 Competencies needed to develop a global mind set Intellectual Capital Knowledge of international business and ability to learn characterized by global business savvy cognitive complexity and cosmopolitan outlook Openness to other cultures and willingness to Psychological Capital change characterized by passion for diversity thirst for adventure and self assurance Social Capital characterized by intercultural empathy interpersonal impact and diplomacy Ability to form connections and bring people together Page 3 of 11 9 How culture is learned pg 32 Passed on to new employees through the process of socialization It is observed and learned by the actions of senior leaders and the founders values The belief that one s native country culture language and modes of behavior are superior to all others has its roots in the dawn of civilization Research shows that ethnocentrism is bad for business and affects managers as 10 Ethnocentrism pg 62 well as consumers 11 GLOBE project pg 65 Attempt to develop an empirically based theory to describe understand and predict the impact of specific cultural variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these processes 9 Basic Cultural Dimensions from Globe Project Power Distance Uncertainty avoidance Institutional collectivism In group collectivism gender egalitarianism assertiveness future orientation performance orientation and humane orientation 12 Managerial implications of perception pg 90 Interviewers make hiring decisions based on their impression of how an applicant fits the perceived requirements of a job and on the basis of implicit cognition Hiring Implicit cognition represents any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness Performance Appraisals Important for managers to accurately identify the behavioral characteristics and results indicative of good performance 13 Kelley s Model of Attribution pg 92 Behavior can be attributed to either internal factors within a person ex ability or to external factors within the environment ex difficult task Consensus involves a comparison of an individual s behavior with that of his peers Distinctiveness Consistency involves comparing a person s behavior on one task with the behavior from other tasks determined by judging if the individual s performance on a given task is consistent over time 14 Perceptual errors page 88 Halo A rater forms an overall impression about an object and then uses that impression to bias ratings about the object Leniency A personal characteristic that leads an individual to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion Page 4 of 11 The tendency to avoid all extreme judgments and rate people and objects Central Tendency as average or neutral Recency effects The tendencies to remember recent information if the recent information is negative the person or object is evaluated negatively Contrasts effects The tendency to evaluate people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people or objects Composed of categories containing information about both specific and 15 Types of memory pg 89 Event Memory general events Semantic Memory Person Memory General knowledge about the world Contains information about a single individual or groups of people
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