STUDY GUIDE FOR MAN 3240 EXAMINATION 2 Created by Dr Atira Charles Note This is to be used as a support material during your studying process Chapter 4 1 Characteristics of learning a Relatively permanent change in capabilities b Process of behavior change based on positive or negative experiences c Occurs only when changes in behavior happen d Driven by experience with a particular situation 2 Operant Conditioning Theory a an explanation for consequence based learning that assumes learning results from simple conditioning and that higher mental functioning is irrelevant Behavior is learned as a function of its consequence b Reinforcement based c d Roots in the late 1800s with animals e Learning results from simple conditioning not from higher mental functioning 3 Social Learning Theory a an explanation for consequence based learning that acknowledges the higher mental functioning of human beings and the role such functioning can play in learning b Humans can observe others in a situation and learn from what they see c No direct experience to a specific situation is needed to understand the behavior and its consequences Learning can result from higher mental functioning d 4 Positive Reinforcement vs Negative Reinforcement a Reinforcement always refers to a contingent event that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations i Situation sometimes referred to as the stimulus situation ii Behavioral response the response of the associate or manager to the situation iii Consequences the result of the response for the associate or manager b Positive reinforcement occurs when the behavior is followed by a positive consequence s c Negative reinforcement occurs when the behavior is followed by the absence or withdrawal of a previous negative consequence s 5 The various ways of using punishments a Non reinforcing contingencies always refer to contingent events that decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations b Punishment a reinforcement contingency in which a behavior is followed by a negative c consequence thereby reducing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations Extinction a reinforcement contingency in which a behavior is followed by the absence of a previously encountered positive consequence and by definition of punishment negative consequences thereby reducing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations The behavior eventually disappears Schedules of reinforcement i e fixed interval variable ratio a b c Continuous reinforcement a reinforcement schedule in which a reward occurs after each instance of a behavior or set of behaviors Intermittent reinforcement a reinforcement schedule in which a reward does not occur after each instance of a behavior or set of behaviors Fixed Interval Calling a radio station once a week for a chance to win a prize i Car salesperson gets a 1000 bonus for each 10 cars sold d Variable Interval Pressing the redial button when you keep getting a busy signal i Betting on specific numbers on a roulette wheel 6 7 OB MOD process a Also known as performance management a formal procedure that focuses on improving task performance through positive reinforcement of desired behaviors and elimination of undesired behaviors Identify behavior for change b i Must be 1 Observable 2 Measurable 3 Task related 4 Critical to the task i Use 1 Direct observation 2 Archival data c Measure exiting frequency of desired behavior d Analyze existing reinforcers e f g Apply intervention Intervene Develop intervention i Use 1 2 Positive reinforcement Extinction h Measure post intervention frequency i Behavior Modified If not go back to intervene i If yes 1 Sue schedules of reinforcement a b c d Continuous Intermittent Ratio Interval 8 The problems in person perception i e implicit theories stereotyping projecting halo effect ii Evaluate for performance improvement a Theories i Implicit person theories personal theories about what personality traits and abilities occur together and how these attributes are manifested in behavior ii Halo effect a perception problem in which an individual assesses a person positively or negatively sometimes called the horns effect in all situations based on an existing general assessment of the person iii Projecting a perception problem in which an individual assumes that others share his or her values and beliefs iv Stereotyping a perception problem in which an individual has preconceived ideas about a group and assumes that all members of that group share the same characteristics Chapter 5 1 Characteristics of personality a A stable set of characteristics representing internal properties of an individual which are reflected in behavioral tendencies across a variety of situations 2 The dimensions of the Big 5 Personality theory i e extraversion conscientiousness etc a Extraversion The degree to which an individual is outgoing and derives energy from being around people enjoys being around other people is warm to others speaks up in group settings maintains a vigorous pace likes excitement and is cheerful b Conscientiousness The degree to which an individual focuses on goals and works toward them in a disciplined way feels capable is organized is reliable possesses a drive for success focuses on completing tasks and thinks before acting d c Agreeableness The degree to which an individual is easygoing and tolerant believes in the honesty of others is straightforward is willing to help others tends to yield under conflict exhibits humility and is sensitive to the feelings of others Emotional stability The degree to which an individual easily handles stressful situations and heavy demands is relaxed is slow to feel anger rarely becomes discouraged rarely becomes embarrassed resists unhealthy urges associated with addictions and handles crises well e Openness to experience The degree to which an individual seeks new experiences and thinks creatively about the future has a vivid imagination has an appreciation for art and beauty values and respects self and others prefers variety to routine has broad intellectual curiosity and is open to re examining closely held values 3 Cognitive Concepts i e locus of control authoritarianism self monitoring a c Locus of control degree to which an individual attributes control of events to self or to external factors b Authoritarianism degree to
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