MAN3240 Test 2 Chapter 4 Personality and Values PERSONALITY refers to dynamic concept describing the growth and development of a persons whole psychological system Looks at AGGREGATE whole Definition by Gordon Alport the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to his environment o Sum total ways in which you interact and react o measurable traits 2 determinants of personality o heredity factors determined at conception ex physical stature facial attractiveness gender temperament muscle composition reflexes energy level biological rhythms influenced completely or partially by your parents 3 types of research support this 1 genetic underpinnings of behavior and children even shyness fear and aggression can be linked to heredity 2 study of twins separated at birth drove same car same dog names same cigarettes similar vacation spot 3 consistency of job satisfaction alluded that stability due to something inherent in people culture cid 224 establishes norms attitudes values passed along ex North Americans being MORE ambitious thru themes of industriousness success and competition THAN other cultures who emphasize family over career personality changes in response to situations cid 224 job interview church etc o environment o enduring characteristics that describe an individual s behavior o ex shy aggressive submissive lazy loyal ambitious o much focus on this bc believed that management can use personality tests to screen job candidates and improve employee job performance o 2 trait approaches Myers Briggs Type Indicator MBTI most widely used 100 questions asks people how they usually act in situations personality traits 1 categorized as extraverted vs introverted outgoing vs quiet shy sensing vs intuitive practical routine detailed vs unconscious processes big picture thinking vs feeling reason logic vs personal values emotions judging vs perceiving control ordered vs flexible spontaneous then combined into 16 personality types Argument against it is that you are forcing people into a category when you really might be right in between extraverted and introverted The Big Five Model Extraversion comfort level with relationships Agreeableness propensity to defer to others Conscientiousness measure of reliability main indicator Emotional stability ability withstand stress or Openness to experience range of interests and fascination with novelty o 3 measurement approaches self report survey by the individual most common observer ratings surveys projective measures Rorschach Inkblot Test analyzing inkblots and Thematic Apperception Test stories with pictures not effective Not used often OTHER PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES core self evaluation degree to which individuals like or dislike themselves whether they see themselves as capable and effective and whether they feel they are in control of their environment or powerless over their environment measured in or determined by o self esteem individuals degree of liking or disliking themselves and the degree to which they think they are worthy unworthy as a person o locus of control the degree to which people believe that they are masters of their own fate internals believe that they control what happens to them externals believe what happens to them is controlled by outside forces like fate or chance Machiavellianism mach degree to which an individual is pragmatic maintains emotional distance and believes that ends can justify means o High machs cid 224 manipulate more win more persuade others more Narcissism the tendency to be arrogant have a grandiose sense of self importance require excessive admiration and have a sense of entitlement 2 o Study showed narcissists THOUGHT they were better leaders than their colleagues they were ACTUALLY worse Self monitoring personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external situational factors o High cid 224 capable of presenting totally different personas such as public vs private o Low cid 224 cant disguise themselves like that Risk taking willingness to take chances o DONALD TRUMP huge risk taker o Can be good bad in different situations Type A Personality aggressive involvement in a chronic incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time and if necessary against the opposing efforts of other things people o Highly prized in north American culture moderate high stress levels o Always moving and moving fast impatient multi tasker bad with leisure time obsessed with numbers o TYPE B IS OPPOSITE cid 224 no time urgency not obliged to discuss achievements play for fun relaxation Proactive Personality people who identify opportunities show initiative take action and persevere until meaningful change occurs PERSONALITY AND NATIONAL CULTURE Factors appear in almost all cross cultural studies Differs based on factors of country like social framework individualistic No common personality types for a given country VALUES basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence what is right good desirable value system hierarchy based on ranking of an individuals values in terms of their intensity tend to be stable and enduring very important to study of OB cid 224 help in understanding peoples attitudes perceptions and motivations 2 approaches to classifying values o Rokeach Value Survey 2 sets of values cid 224 terminal desirable end states of existence the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime instrumental preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one s terminal values o Contemporary Work Cohorts cid 224 4 groups generations US workforce Not universally applied or super concrete Supported by the fact that values change over generations 3 VALUES ACROSS CULTURES Hofstede s Framework for Assessing Cultures cid 224 Geert Hofstede interviewed IBM workers worldwide found managers and employees vary on five value dimensions of national culture Power distance a national culture attribute describing the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally o High large inequalities of power and wealth and are tolerated o Low culture discourages differences between power and wealth Individualism a national culture attribute describing the degree to which people prefer to act as
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