FSU MAN 3240 - CHAPTER 9: FOUNDATIONS OF GROUP BEHAVIOR

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CHAPTER 9: FOUNDATIONS OF GROUP BEHAVIORDefining and Classifying GroupsGroup – two or more individuals interacting and independent who have come together to achieve particular objectives.Formal Group – One defined by the organizations structure with designated work assignments establishing tasks. Informal Group – neither formally structured or organizationally determined, they appear in response to the needs for social contact.Why Do People Form Groups?Social Identity Theory – our tendency to take personal pride or offense for the accomplishments of a group i.e. sports teams.In-group Favoritism – We see members of our in-group as better than other people. People not in our group are all the same (paints the way for stereotyping).- Characteristics that make a social identity important to a person: similarity, distinctiveness, status, and uncertainty reduction (membership in a group helps people understand who they are and how they fit into the world).The Five-Stage ModelFive Stage Group Development Model – Characterizes groups as preceding through the distinct stages of 1. Forming – characterized by uncertainty about the group’s purpose, structure, and leadership (this stage is complete when members beginto think of themselves as part of the group). 2. Storming – Intragroup conflict where members accept existence of a group resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. 3. Norming – Close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. 4. Performing – Getting to know and understand each other to perform the tasks at hand.5. Adjourning – (not applicable for permanent work groups) For wrapping up activities and preparing to disband.Alternative Model For Temporary Groups with DeadlinesPunctuated Equilibrium Model – A set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity.1. First meeting sets the groups direction2. This first phase of group activity is one of inertia3. A transition takes place exactly when the group has taken up it’s allotted time4. This transition initiates major changes5. A second phase of inertia follows the transition6. The group’s last meeting is characterized by markedly accelerated activity.Group Properties: Roles, Norms, Status, Size, Cohesiveness, and DiversityGroup Property 1: Roles Role - A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unitRole Perception – an individual’s view of how he/she is supposed to act in a given situationRole Expectation – how others believe a person should act in a given situation- Psychological Contact - an unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice versa.Role Conflict – a situation in which an individual is confronted by a divergent role expectation Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment – made up pretend jail cell in Stanford basement, assigned mentally healthy people to two separate roles of prisoner and guards. Eventually those groups began to actually take on those roles too seriously. Group Property 2: NormsNorms – acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members.- Performance norm (most common) provides explicit cues about how hard members should work, what level of output that should be, how to get the job done, level of tardiness appropriate, etc. - Others are appearance norms, social arrangement norms, and resource allocation norms. Hawthorne Studies - Examined relationship between physical environment and productivity- Experiment 1- increase and decrease light level both increased output.- Experiment 2 – small group of women singled out in a work environment from all the other women. Because they felt they were given special attention, their output increased.- Experiment 3 – Groups conformed to a norm output when put together Conformity – the adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group- Reference groups – important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform.Deviant Work Place Behavior – voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens of the well-being of the organizations or its members (also called anti-social behavior or workplace instability). Group Property 3: StatusStatus – a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.Status Characteristics Theory – a theory that states that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchy within groups (derives from one of three sources: the power a person wields over others, a person’s ability to contribute to a group’s goals, and an individual’s personal characteristics).- High status people tend to have more freedom to deviate from the norm ex athletes, actors. - High Status Interaction – High status people tend to be more assertive in group activities. - Status Inequity – group members must believe the status hierarchy is equitableGroup Property 4: Size- The size of the group affects the group’s overall behavior. Social Loafing – tendency for individual’s to expend less effort when working collectively than alone.Group Property 5: Cohesiveness Cohesiveness - the degree to which group members are attracted to each other andare motivated to stay in the group.Group Property 6: DiversityDiversity – the extent to which members of a group are similar to or different from one anotherGroup Decision MakingGroups vs The Individual - Strengths of group decision making: groups generate more complete information and knowledge through increased diversity of views which leadsto increased acceptance of a solution.- Weaknesses: time consuming, conformity pressures can be dominated by one or a few members, and suffer from ambiguous responsibility. Group Think and Group Shift (or Group Polarization)Group Think – a phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realist appraisal of alternative courses of actionGroup Shift – a change between a group’s decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk, but it generally is towards a more extreme version of the group’s original position. Group Decision Making TechniquesInteracting Groups – typical groups in which members interact with each other face to faceBrainstorming – an idea generation


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FSU MAN 3240 - CHAPTER 9: FOUNDATIONS OF GROUP BEHAVIOR

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