Lecture 1 Levels of organization of biology Biosphere Earth Ecosystem Community of interacting organisms i e forest Organism individual members of species i e human History of life 4 5 bya Earth formed 4 0 bya Earth cools 3 7 bya Life bacteria like cells 1 5 bya Nucleated cells 0 5 bya Nuclear organisms 0 005 bya Humans evolved 0 000002 bya MIT is founded Cells Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus Small 1 2 um in diameter plasma membrane DNA Bacteria i e E coli Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus 10 40 um in diameter nucleus DNA cytoplasm Unicellular i e yeast Multicellular i e humans Yeast Cell synthesize its components from scratch transmit informatory instructions Human Cell Analytical Biology Function Differentiate carry out programs Biochemistry Genetics study components without the organism components such as proteins study the organism without the component components such as genes study mutant organisms with defective genes Molecular Biology The link between proteins and genes Genes are made of DNA which inform proteins Biochemistry Sugars lipids proteins nuclear DNA RNA Genetics Mutants transmissions Molecular Biology DNA RNA Proteins Recombinant DNA 1970 s 1980 s Clone genes sequence genes Field of genomics emerges no longer studying individual genes Birth of human genome project 3 billon project completed in 2004 Cost has dropped from 3 billion to 2000 and by next year it should be 1000
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