Chapter 2 Scientific Study of People LOTS of data L Data information obtained from a person s LIFE history or L Data o Example looking at a person s academic or criminal record regarding their life behaviors O Data Information provided from known OBSERVERS or O Data o Example information from family or friends and may include specific questionnaires CIA hiring T Data Information obtained from experimental procedures where researchers measure a person s performance o Example SAT s ACT s ISAT s S Data SELF Data problems are people reflect positive impression management or PM characteristics making themselves look better than they are when taking personality tests o Example Meyer s Briggs assessment S Data and L Data are often discrepant S Data and O Data tend to be similarly related A Fixed Nomothetic Greek for law vs Flexible Measures idiopathic Greek for personal private 1 Fixed items have the exact same items and tend to be objective e g I like ice cream true false 2 Flexible items have questions that ask people about themselves and have them describe these characteristics e g my favorite dessert is B Personality and Brain Data 1 Electroencephalograph EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI C Personality and Assessment a standardized procedure used to measure individual s personalities or measuring differences 4 targets of Assessments 1 Average Behaviors averages between extroversion and introversion 2 Variability in Behaviors calmness or anxiousness in different settings 3 Conscious Thoughts a person s thoughts feelings and emotions 4 Unconscious Mental Events thoughts motives where people aren t aware D Reliability the extent to which observations and events can be replicated 1 Internal consistency 2 Test Related Reliability i Do questions on the assessment correlate to one another i Same results taking the assessment at different points in time E Validity the extent that observations or assessments actually reflect the phenomenon of interest in a given study 1 Does the observation or assessment have VERACITY i Veracity means is it truthful F Reliability Vs Validity Examples My bathroom scale or Jeopardy vs Wechsler Intelligence Test 1 Always want validity over reliability G Ethics of Research ethics is concerned with the highest standard law is concerned with the lowest standard 1 Ethical Experiments and Concerns i Stanley Milgram the role of authority figures influencing teachers to administer electric shock to student 1 67 administered the full 450 volts ii Phillip Zimbardo how roles influence behaviors 1 guards and inmates iii Ethical guidelines are participants adversely impacted What happens with the research Who is harmed if anyone Who benefits if anyone What are the research implications Reporting research results and the possibility of fraud or errors 2 Three types of Research i Case studies 1 The millionaire next door ii Correlational studies 1 How are two or more variables related to each other anxiety and 2 Has a correlation coefficient between 1 0 and 1 0 may also be 0 friendliness Examples of each 3 Nun study correlational study 4
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