PSY 233 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 9 - 17Lecture 9 (September 10)What are the 2 types of projective tests and who created them?Rorschach inkblot test - 10 inkblot cards- Assessor only presents enough information to enable the person to complete the task- Person asked to look at each of the cards and tell the assessor what they think the inkblot represents- What the people think they see as the inkblots can be interpreted symbolically or literallyThematic Apperception Test (TAT)- Consists of cards with scenes on them- Most scenes depict one or two people, though some are more abstract- The person is asked to make up stories about the scenes they are shown: what is going on, the thoughts and feelings of the people in the science, what led up to the scene, andthe outcome- Individual’s personality may be projected into the stimulus as they interpret it and may be revealed in the stories told- Used in clinical and experimental research- Defenses can be bypassed- Can be scored systematically according to the scene or on a more impressionistic basisWhat is fixation?Freud’s concept expressing a developmental arrest or stoppage at some point in the person’s psychosexual development, too little or too much gratification results in getting “stuck” in a stageWhat is regression?Freud’s concept expressing a person’s return to ways of relating to the world and the self that were part of an earlier stage of developmentWhat are the 3 psychoanalytic personality types (and an example from each)?Oral- demanding, impatient, envious, covetous, jealous, rageful, depressed, mistrustful, narcissistic, do not have a clear recognition of others as separate and valuable entities - success= “I get”Anal- Rigid, striving for power and control, concerned with should and ought’s, pleasure and possessions, anxiety over waste and loss of control- success= “I control”- Control freaksPhallic- male exhibitionistic, competitive, striving for success, emphasis on being masculine - Female- naïve, seductive, flirtatious- Success= “I am a man”Lecture 10 (September 17)What is free association?In psychoanalysis, the patient’s reporting to the analyst of every thought that comes to mind without delayWhat is transference?The patient’s development of attitudes toward the analyst based on attitudes held by the patient toward earlier parental figures, relates to distortions of reality based on past experiences, occurs in everyone’s family life and in all forms of psychotherapyWho is “little Hans”? Little Hans was a 5 year old boy who had a phobia that a horse would bite him and therefore refused to leave the house. He was treated by his father. His father told him that the fear of horses was nonsense and that he was nonsense and the truth was that he (Hans) was fond of his mother and the fear of horses had to do with an interest in their “widdlers”. Han’s horse phobia was connected to his castration anxieties because of him seeing a large penis and then thinking his mother had to have one “as big as a horse”.What is the oedipal complex?Freud’s concept expressing a boy’s sexual attraction to the mother and fear of castration by the father, who is seen as a rivalWhat is the electra complex?A desire by a girl to have her father all to herselfWho is Alfred Adler?Left Vienna Psychoanalytic Society to form the School of Individual Psychology, emphasized social urges and conscious thoughts downplayed unconscious thoughts and instinctual sexual urges, focused on inferior feelings and how people compensated for them (stutterer becomes a great orator), inferior feelings can motivate humans to action and successWho is Carl Jung?Stressed the evolutionary foundations of the human mind, created the concept of collective unconscious, believed personality development also has a forward-moving directional tendency,emphasized all humans face the fundamental task of finding unity in the selfWhat is the collective unconscious (Jung)?Inherited, universal unconscious features of mental life that reflect the evolutionary experiencesof the human species, it is our link with the collective wisdom of millions of years of past experience, contains universal images or symbols known as archetypesLecture 12 (September 22)What is the attachment theory?Is of particular relevance to the contemporary sciences of personality, predicts that the effects of developmental processes involving attachment are long lasting “Strange situation” experiment (Mary Ainsworth) - Secure attachment: 70%, sensitive to departure of mother but greeted her upon her arrival , were comforted, and then able to return back to what they were playing with- Anxious-avoidant: 20%, little protest of separation, and avoided their mother when she returned- Anxious-ambivalent: 10%, difficulty separating from their mother and reuniting with her upon her return. Had behavior mixed pleas that included squirming and insistence on being let downWhat does the neurotransmitter oxytocin do?Purported to the “bonding” neurotransmitter. Released after birth in moms to: assist bonding and forget immense pain of birthLecture 13 (September 24)What is Roger’s phenomenological theory?- Emphasizes that each person actively constructs her or his own world-The specific ways each person perceives and interprets the world make up personality and guide behavior- People are inclined toward goodness, creativity, love, and joy- People's view of reality is important in guiding their behavior- The perspective is shaped by learned expectations- These expectations form personal constructs which are generalized ways of anticipating the world- The nature of each person's unique constructs determines personality and influences behaviorWhat is unconditional positive regard?Roger’s term for the acceptance of a person in a total, unconditional way. One of three therapistconditions suggested as essential for growth and therapeutic processLecture 14 (September 26)What is self-concept?The perceptions and meanings associated with the self, me, or I. Represents an organized and consistent pattern of perceptions. Although the self changes it always retains this patterned, integrated, organized quality.What is self-actualization?- Becoming complex, independent, change of freedom and expression.- The fundamental tendency of an organism to actualize, maintain, enhance itself,