PSY 233 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Chapter 1: 5 Goals for Personality Theorists continuedA. personality development in growth and development: how does nature and nurture impact personality development?a. environmental determinants of personalities1. culture2. social class3. family4. peersB. Psychopathology and behavioral change: how personality theorists explain psychopathic behavior?a. Various personality perspectivesC. Internal and external determinants of behaviorD. Does your personality characteristics come from your DNA, or does your environment reinforce these traits?E. Unity of experiences and action and concept of selfF. Influence of past, present, and future II. Chapter 2: Scientific Study of PeopleA. LOTS of DataB. Fixed (nonthematic; Greek for law) vs. flexible idiopathic; Greek for personal or private)Outline of Current Lecture III. Chapter 2: Scientific Study of People continuedA. Personality and brain data a. Electroencephalograph (EEG)b. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)B. 4 targets of assessments1. Average behaviors2. Variability in behaviors3. Conscious thoughts4. Unconscious mental events These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.C. ReliabilityD. ValidityE. Ethics of researchF. Ethical experiments and concernsa. Stanley Milgramb. Philip ZimbardoCurrent LectureA. Personality and brain data a. Electroencephalograph (EEG)- measure the electrical activity of the brain, determine if electrical and chemical activity of the brain is the same as someone with no brain injury- Ex: sleep studies, people with seizure disordersb. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)- physicians look at structure and physiology of the brain, see what parts of the brain are compromised (strokes)B. 4 targets of assessments1. Average behaviors- big samples are better, middle of the bell curve- Ex: averages between extroversion and introversion2. Variability in behaviors- calmness or anxiousness in different settings- Introverted or extroverted in all settings or just certain situations3. Conscious thoughts-a person’s thoughts, feelings, and emotions- More difficult to measure, hard to figure out4. Unconscious mental events- thoughts, motives where people are not aware- More difficult to measure, hard to figure outC. Reliability- the event to which observations and events can be replicated- ex: scale- is the same everywhere in the country - use it anywhere in the country or world and it be the same1. Internal consistency- do questions on the assessment correlate to one another?2. Test- retest reliability- same results taking the assessment at different points in timeD. Validity- the extent that observations or assessments actually reflect the phenomenon of interest in a given study. Does the observation or assessment have veracity (truthful)?- Does a bathroom scale realy reflect actual weight? May give us wrong number- Best determinant of accuracyE. Ethics of research- ethics is concerned with the highest standard we can achieve, Law is concerned with the lowest standard- Moral framework about how the research is going to be used, who is going to be impacted by this research- Law- what do parents need to do to have their children returned to themF. Ethical experiments and concernsa. Stanley Milgram- role of authority figures influencing “teachers” to administer electric shock to “students”- 67% administered the full 450 volts- Had a teacher and the authority figure (usually a doctor). The doctor would tell the teacher to read 5 words to a student behind a board (out ofsight). The student would have to repeat the 5 words back in order. If the student gets the word wrong or out of order the student would be punished and shocked. Every time the student gets the words wrong the shock voltage would increase. The student was an actor and was only pretending to be shocked every time they purposefully got the words wrong. It was done like this so it can see how many teachers would administer the maximum voltage because the doctor told them they had toob. Philip Zimbardo- how roles influence behaviors- Ex: “guards” and