Katrina Wang NFSC100 Exam 1 Review 9 26 15 United States Federal Law signed in 1990 gave FDA authority over nutrition labeling and claims on most food DV 5 or less is low 10 10 is good 20 or more is high Label must contain of daily value in fat cholesterol sodium carbohydrates vitamin A vitamin C calcium and iron March 2014 FDA issues two proposed rules which would update the Nutrition Facts label July 2015 FDA issues a supplemental proposed rule that requires declaration of the DV of added sugars and changes the current footnote on nutrition labels Structure function claims need additional scientific evidence and FDA approval or have not been evaluated yet Low calorie means less than or equal to 40 calories per serving Low sodium means less than or equal to 140 mg of sodium per serving Fat free means less than 5 gram of fat per serving Low fat means less than 3 grams of fat per serving Examples of authorized health claims calcium and osteoporosis sodium and hypertension dietary saturated fat cholesterol and heart disease dietary fat and cancer fiber and cancer fruits vegetables and grain products and heart disease Hypothalamus causes hunger satiety center in brain processes nerve signals from throughout the body Hormones cause hunger cortisol from adrenal glands leptin from adipose fat tissue and neuropeptide Y from hypothalamus Milk s protein is casein and vitamins are A and D Phytochemicals are beneficial non nutrients Adequate intake is the same as Recommended Dietary Allowance but lacks scientific evidence to set an RDA Ex Calcium For energy set at the average amount needed by a group For nutrient add 30 50 to average amount to cover most people Those who consistently consume less than 2 3 of the RDA may be at a higher risk for deficiency of that nutrient Dietary guidelines are updated every 5 years include 23 key recommendations for the general population and 6 for subpopulation groups Total fat 20 35 of calories less than 10 saturated fat and less than 300 mg of cholesterol Total carbs 45 65 of calories Total protein 10 35 of calories Mitochondrion is the power plant and supplies ATP Golgi Complex is the packaging center Smooth endoplasmic reticulum cholesterol synthesis and fat metabolism Rough endoplasmic reticulum protein production Lysosome is the housekeeper Integumentary system includes skin hair nails sweat glands Endocrine system glands include pituitary thyroid adrenal pancreas secretes hormones and helps control body activities such as growth and reproduction Lymphatic system include lymph vessels lymph nodes spleen tonsils returns fluid to blood involved in lipid absorption concerned with defense against pathogens and foreign substances Urinary system regulates acid base balance of blood Immune system include lymphocytes and phagocytes 3 pairs of salivary glands in mouth Amylase breaks down starch into small polysaccharides Lipase begins digestion of fat breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids mono and di glycerides Peristaltic movement is the mechanical digestion in the esophagus Stomach produces pepsin a proteolytic enzyme protein lysing Stomach acid uncoils protein strands and activates stomach enzymes Hydrochloric acid and pepsin break protein down into polypeptides Salivary amylase is inactivated by stomach acid while salivary lipase is active at an acid pH Secretions produces in the liver pancreas and intestine are active in the small intestine to break down carbs fat and protein Pancreas produces an amylase that is released through the pancreatic dust into the small intestine Pancreatic amylase breaks down polysaccharides into small polysaccharides Small intestinal cells secrete enzymes to further hydrolyze the polysaccharides into monosaccharides and the cells absorb them Maltase breaks down maltose into glucose and glucose Sucrase breaks down sucrose into fructose and glucose Lactase breaks down lactose into galactose and glucose Bile from liver breaks down fat into emulsified fat fatty acids Pancreatic and intestinal proteases break down polypeptides into dipeptides tripeptides and amino acids Intestinal dipeptidases and tripeptidases break down peptides into amino acids that can be absorbed Microvilli cells in small intestine produce enzymes Capillaries carry away water soluble nutrients to body Lymph vessels carry away lipid materials Colon reabsorbs water and minerals home for microflora that ferment Bacterial enzymes in the large intestine break down fiber into fatty acids and gas Small fatty acids enter blood Larger fatty acids enter lymphatic system Glucose fructose and galactose enter blood stream Amino acids actively enter into the blood stream Sugar is a simple carb 6 carbon atoms and oxygen and hydrogen Complex carbohydrates are starches and fiber Monosaccharides have 6 carbon molecules glucose body s predominant fuel fructose fruit sugar galactose one of the two components of the milk sugar lactose Polysaccharides glycogen animal starch configured in long chains of glucose molecules the body s storage form of carbohydrates starch from plant sources fiber plant material long chains of glucose molecules whose structure is resistant to enzymatic degradation cellulose hemicellulose and pectin Lactose intolerance is present in 80 of population undigested lactose becomes fuel for intestinal bacteria that in turn produce gas and irritants By adolescence lactase is gone in about 75 African Americans Jews Native Americans Mexicans and in 90 Asians Blood glucose promotes an insulin release from cells of pancreas Insulin promotes glycogen formation in liver and muscle When glucose levels fall glucagon is released Glucagon stimulates glycogen conversion to glucose from liver Glucose enters the cell and is first divided into 2 3 carbon fragments and energy The 3 carbon fragments called pyruvate enter the mitochondria and are reduced to 2 carbon units called acetyl coA anaerobic process and yields CO2 and 2 ATP The acetyl coA then enters the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain which yields 32 ATP CO2 and water One third of all glycogen is stored in the liver and two thirds is stored in muscles Each glycogen molecule has many branches that stick out Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen to glucose which can then enter the bloodstream Epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of muscle glycogen to glucose which can be used to produce ATP in the muscles Fat cells adipocytes take up these fatty acids and store them Without carbs in the
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