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VitaminsOrganic CompoundsContain carbonMany different structures from simple to complexNon-caloricEssentialLack of vitamin leads to deficiencyCannot be synthesized in body, with exceptionsEx.Scurvy and vitamin CNeeded in small amountsMilligrams (mg) 10^-3 gramsVitamin C—60 mgMicrograms (g) 10^-6 gramsVitamin B12—2gLimited Synthesis of two VitaminsVitamin DSynthesized in the skinRequire sunlight and 7-dehydrocholesterolNiacinRequires tryptophanDepends on adequate protein statusClassification of VitaminsFat-solubleVitamins A, D, E, and KAbsorbed like dietary fat (via lymph, requires bile)Can be stored in body fat and in liverGenerally have greater body stores than water-soluble vitaminsHigh likelihood of toxicity (A/D most toxic)Water SolubleThiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Biotin, and Vitamin CAbsorbed into the bloodstreamUsually excreted in urineGenerally have lower body stores than fat-soluble vitaminsLow likelihood of toxicityMineralsNutrientsInorganicDo not contain carbonMay contain an electrical chargeNoncaloricEssentialLack of mineral for prolonged time leads to deficiencyEx.Iron deficiency anemiaStored well in body, can be toxic at high levelsDevelopment and Detection of a Nutrient DeficiencyPrimary deficiency caused by inadequate intake or secondary deficiency caused by problem inside the body (Diet history, Medical history)Declining nutrient stores (Laboratory tests)Abnormal functioning inside the body (Laboratory tests)Physical signs and symptoms (Physical examination and anthropometric measures)Nutrient Deficiency and ToxicityThe nutrient requirement is on a personal basisThose growing or developingInfants, children, and teensPregnant and lactating womenThose with physiological changesElderlyHIV/AIDS patientsAlcoholicsFood versus SupplementsVitamins and minerals absorbed best from food (bioavailability)May not be used the same way by the body (moderators in foods?)Little risk of toxicity from foodOther beneficial compounds in food (fiber, phytochemicals)Potential dangers of dietary supplements, lack of regulationBioavailabilityThe amount of a nutrient in a food that is actually available for human useNot just the amount of a nutrient in a foodThe amount that is absorbed and usedSometimes nutrients are more available in fortified formsEx. FolateFactors Affecting BioavailabilityNon-nutritive components of foodFiber—Zinc, Calcium, CopperPhytate—ZincOxalic acid—CalciumChemical form of the mineralElemental versus complexedEx. Heme iron versus non-heme ironMineral-mineral interactionsZinc and ironCopper and zincVitamin-mineral interactionVitamin C and non-heme iron absorptionFood Processing and Nutrient Content of FoodsSome vitamins/minerals break down when exposed to oxygen so the fresher the betterCooking method can impact the nutrient content of foodsGenerally, cooking for shorter times in little water will help to maintain nutrient content (steam, microwave)Water soluble less stable than fat solubleFunctions of Vitamin AGene expressionImmune defensesVision (blindness)Maintenance of body linings and skin (cell differentiation)Growth of bones and of the body (growth failure)Normal development of cellsReproduction (birth defects)Vitamin A and VisionPart of rhodopsin, a pigment within the cells of the retinaWhen light falls on the eye, vitamin A splits from rhodopsin, initiating a signal that conveys the sensation of sight to the brainVitamin A deficiency leads to night blindnessNeeded by epithelial tissue including the protective linings of the eyesLack of vitamin A makes eye more susceptible to drying and infection (cell differentiation)500000 of the world’s vitamin A-deprived children become blind each yearFunctions of Vitamin DRegulates blood calcium and phosphorous levels, thereby maintaining bone integrity (osteomalacia, rickets)Stimulates maturation of cells, including immune cells that defend against diseaseActs on genes, affecting how cells grow, multiple, and specialize (cancer, multiple sclerosis)Functions of Vitamin E (Tocopherol)AntioxidantAlso Vitamin C, beta carotene and other carotenoids, zinc, selenium and copper, phytochemcialsA substance that prevents free radicals from causing damage to body structures such as cells membranes and DNAFree Radical DamageFree RadicalA molecule, often oxygen, with unpaired electrons that cause damage to body structuresSources: Endogenous (immune system, metabolism); exogenous (pollutants, cigarette smoke)Cell membranes and lipids causing cell lysis and impaired receptor functionInactivation and degradation of proteins and enzymesDamage to DNA causing mutations and altered gene functionDiseases Caused by Free RadicalsHeart DiseaseCancerAgingCataractsFree Radical Theory of Heart DiseaseFree radicals oxidize LDL—cholesterolOxidized LDL picked up by white blood cells—now called foam cellsFoam cells lodge in side of arteries, beginning of plaquesSources of Vitamin KVitamin K can be made by intestinal bacteriaNewborns are given a dose of vitamin K at birthFunctions of Vitamin KBlood clottingAnticoagulants interfere with action of Vitamin KComponent of bone proteinsFunctions of Vitamin CAssists enzymes involved in the formation and maintenance of collagen, wound healing (scurvy)Acts as an antioxidant, especially protecting the immune system cells from free radicals generated during their assault on invadersCuring the common cold????The B VitaminsThiamin (beriberi)RiboflavinNiacin (pellagra)Folate (NTDs, anemia)Pantothenic acidB12 (anemia)B6BiotinTender Romance Never Fails with 6 or 12 Beautiful PearlsSources of the B VitaminsEnriched grainsThiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folateLegumesThiamin, Niacin (peanuts), folate, pantothenic acidVegetablesNiacin (except corn), folateFruitsFolate, Vitamin CAnimal productsThiamin, riboflavin (dairy), vitamin B12 (only), pantothenic acid, biotin (eggs), Vitamin B6Functions of the B VitaminsThiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin are coenzymes in energy production pathwaysB12 and folate involved in cell division, synthesize DNAB6 helps the body use amino acids to synthesize proteins, role in synthesis of hemoglobin and neurotransmittersNerve transmission dependent upon thiaminFolate and B12Folate and B12 work together to allow synthesis of new blood cellsIntrinsic factor from stomach (HCL) needed to absorb B12Too much folate can mask B12 deficiencyAnemiaInability to carry sufficient oxygen in bloodMost


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UMD NFSC 100 - Part 3—Vitamins and Minerals

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