FINAL EXAMQuestions To PonderThe Ever Changing Food Supply1.How can we make our diets more environmentally sustainable?Eating foods that are locally grown not processed, saving energy and better for the environment; eating less meat, or meat that is locally raised and fed grass instead of grain; reduce, reuse, recycle 2.What are the requirements of the USDA Certified Organic designation? Are organic foods 100% free of pesticides? Are organic foods more nutritious thanconventional foods? What are some ways that people can reduce the amount of pesticides that they consume besides eating only organic foods?Requirements: prohibits use of toxic and persistent chemicals (in favor of more earth friendly practices such as crop rotation, cover crops, releasing beneficial insects and adding composted manure), field must be free of synthetic pesticides for3 years, using proper manure-composting techniques, animals must be given fully organic feed, no antibiotics or growth hormonesNo, they might not be 100% free of pesticides because they are in the environmentNo, they are neither higher in vitamins or minerals than non-organic productsReduction of pesticides can be accomplished by washing foods **3.What are the requirements for a manufacturer to use the terms, “100% organic”, “organic” and “made with organic ingredients” on their package labels?100% organic- ONLY organically produced ingredientsOrganic- 95% organically produced ingredientsMade with organic ingredients- 70% organic ingredients4.What are some reasons that people choose organic foods?Reasons: less damage to the soil, water and air from conventional farming, there are health consequences of pesticides on food and the environment and people are concerned about GM foods5.What is the difference between a) organic food and local food; b) organic agriculture and sustainable agriculture? a) Organic food has passed all of the requirements to have the organic label meaning that do not contain toxic chemicals and the farmers use practices that are environmentally friendly. Local food many times follows these same practices yet has not reached out to the government due to a variety of reasons (usually financial) therefore, does not have the organic labelb) Organic agriculture differs from sustainable agriculture because many of the sustainable practices are not required for organic certification such as cultivating bird populations, planting plants to attract beneficial insects, use of NO pesticides even the “natural” organic ones, use of solar power and the gathering of rain water. 6.What are some of the benefits of buying local foods?Benefits of buying local food include: freshness and taste, nutrient content may be higher and it supports the local economy 7.What is biotechnology/genetic engineering? What are the uses of biotechnology? What is a transgenic or GM crop? What are some of the crops in the US that are grown using biotechnology?Biotechnology/GE involves the manipulation of the DNA of an organism to alter itUses: improves the production and yield of many foods (more resistant to pests, climate, herbicide and pathogens), decrease the cost, increase the shelf life, improve nutritional content and enhancing the tasteExamples: soybeans and cotton are the most widely grown GE plants followed by insect-resistant cotton and corn 8.What are some concerns about biotechnology? What is outcrossing? Why doesn’t the FDA require that products using biotechnology be labeled as such? Concerns: outcrossing, disruption of natural ecosystems and the creation of new diseases and allergies Outcrossing is the introduction of unrelated genetic material into the breeding line, which creates more genetic diversity, which can increase the number of crops that carry a recessive trait for a diseaseGM foods do not need to be labeled because they are 100% safe and there is no needfor these crops to go through a whole process of being labeled if they do not have to9.Why is bovine growth hormone used? Why do humans not absorb active bovine growth hormone? Is all milk in the US from cows that are treated with bovine growth hormone? Can organic milk be labeled as “bovine growth hormone free”? Why or why not? Bovine growth hormone is used to increase milk production in cows, increase their lean tissue and decrease their feed requirementHumans do not absorb the active bovine growth hormone because it is destroyed during the pasteurization processNo, not all milk in the US comes from cows treated with bovine growth hormoneNo, milk cannot be labeled bovine growth hormone free, because cows produce this naturally10. What is cloning? Does the FDA require labeling of products from clones or their offspring? Cloning produces an animal that is identical to the parent no new genes are added into themNo, no label is required for cloned animals because it is as safe as milk or meat from conventional animalsInternational Nutrition1.What is the relationship between malnutrition and infection?This has been seen as an ongoing cycle, malnutrition starts with a lack of enough food or low quality food. This impairs immunity due to inadequate protein, vitamin A/C, zinc etc. Infection then develops and continues due to unsanitary living conditions and a lack of immunization/medical care. Due to infection there is impaired nutrition because of the inability to consume, absorb, acquire or purchase adequate food, going back to malnutrition. *Treating infection without improving nutritional status does not reverse this cycle*2.Describe the theory of the “early origins of chronic disease”Evolutionarily those who have the thrifty gene are less able to adapt metabolically to the excess sugar and fat in the diet these people also have reduced physical activity3.What is the “nutrition translation”? We live in a society now where people have more money to buy sweets and otherthings that are outside what they are able to grow. → Nutrition transition is from eating food that we grow to eating food that ishigh in fat and sugar → Humans prefer foods that are rich in sugar and fat because they are useful for survival during cycles of feast and famine4.What are the big four nutritional problems in the world? Describe each. What are the causes for each? What are the symptoms of each?Protein Energy Malnutrition not enough protein and/or poor quality protein, leading to kwashiorkor (moon face, edema, flaky paint dermatitis, apathy) or when there is not
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