Unformatted text preview:

International NutritionDouble Burden of DiseaseMany nations around the world are dealing with under nutrition and obesityMany societies have made transition from agrarian to more developed societies at an extremely rapid paceHave also made the “nutrition transition” to excessive food that is high in fat and sugarFrom an evolutionary perspective humans have a preference for foods rich in sugar and fat (useful for survival during cycles of feast and famine. Evolutionarily those who have the “thrifty gene” are less able to adapt metabolically to the excess sugar and fat (theory of “early origins of chronic disease”) and reducedphysical activityImpact of Malnutrition on SocietyReduced hunger and malnutrition leads to increased productivity, incomes, reduced child mortality, improved maternal and infant health, greater resistance to malaria and other diseases, reduced pressure on the environment, greater participation in trade and development, improved school attendance, learning and literacy and improved gender equality and empowerment of women More than 1.02 billion hungry peopleWhy don’t all have access to healthy food?Changing food production and distributionDeteriorating natural resourcesEducational levelHealth statusMaldistribution of wealth/povertyPolitical instability/lack of infrastructureUnclean water supplies MalnutritionInadequate quantity of foodUndernutritionOvernutritionInadequate quality of foodDeficiency diseasesNutrient toxicitiesObesity Causes of MalnutritionPrimary Lack of access to foodSecondaryFaulty absorptionIncreased metabolic demandsDiseases and infectionsLack of knowledgePoor food choicesSynergism Between Malnutrition and InfectionOngoing cycleImproving nutritional intake in the presence of exposure to infection does not reverse the cycle (“leaky bucket”)Treating infection without improvingNutritional status does not reverse the cycleLeads to ongoing illness, impaired growth and often deathHow Does Infection Impair Nutritional Status?Loss of appetiteDiarrhea/vomitingCultural practices associated with illness may lead to decreased intakeMedicine may decrease appetite or decrease absorption of nutrientsIncreased nutrient needs Loss of body nitrogenParasites consuming nutrientsFever increased BMRImpaired ability to work to obtain foodHow Does Malnutrition Impair Community?Malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency worldwideImmune system is extremely complexAll forms of immunity impacted by all nutrient deficienciesIncreased likelihood of acquiring an infectionIncreased likelihood of dying from that infectionWho is Most Affected by Undernutrition?WomenPregnancy lactation increases nutritional needsMalnourished mothers give birth to low weight babies <5.5 pounds) InfantsInfants die from malnutrition, infection, parasites (malaria)Infant mortality rate in poor vs. rich communitiesJapan (2.4 infant deaths per 1000 live births)Ethiopia (67.8 infant deaths per 1000 live births)Afghanistan (103 infant deaths per 1000 live births)Children¾ of those who die each year due to malnutrition and related illness are childrenBreastfeeding is protective for the fist 2 yearsFemale children are undervalued in many societies  less access to foodWho is Most Affected by Over Nutrition?Adults who are from middle and upper socio-economic classesWho are educated and have sedentary jobsChildren of well to do adultsObesity-Compromises present and future healthMainly urban residents (more sedentary)PovertyMain cause of malnutritionThe wealthiest fifth of the world’s people consume an astonishing 86% of all goods and services while the poorest fifth consumes 1%Big Four Nutrition Problems in the World (1970)Protein energy malnutritionIron deficiency anemiaVitamin A deficiencyIodine deficiency disordersIncrease in agriculture  increase in food Production, i.e, increase in availabilityQuantity of foodAdequateQuality of foodSafe, nutritiousForms of Protein Energy MalnutritionNot enough protein and or poor quality protein  kwashiorkorMoon faceEdemaFlaky paint dermatitis apathyNot enough calories  marasmusNutritional AnemiasAnemia- reduction inHemoglobinHematocritNumber of RBCMost widespread nutritional deficiency disease2.1 billion people affectedIncluding developed countriesPrimarily in women and childrenAdverse effects onAbility to learn/workOutcome of pregnancyCauses:Inadequate intake ofIronFolateProteinDecreased bioavailability of ironHeme iron- meat, poultry, fishNonheme iron- major source worldwidePossibly solutionsSupplementationFortification Iodine Deficiency DiseasesGoiter-swelling in front of neckHypothryroidism- low metabolic rateHyperthyroidism- high metabolic rateCretinism-severe mental and physical retardation200 million people affected worldwide>3 million cretinsMajor cause: low intake of iodineSolutions: fortification of foods (ex. Salt) with iodine Vitamin A DeficiencyCaused by inadequate intake of vitamin A (and low lipid intake)Affects mainly preschoolersMajor cause of preventable blindness worldwide>350, 000 become blind annuallyDeficiency increases risk of other diseases:Infectious diseasesDiarrheaUpper respiratory diseasesHigh risk of poor growthAssociated with:Night blindnessCorneal dryingBitot’s spotsKeratomalaciaXerophthalmiaZinc DeficiencyCompromises linear growthDelays sexual maturationIncreases infection and delays wound healing, skin rashesSupplements of zinc reduce morbidity from diarrheaNutritional Intervention Strategies to Combat UndernutritionNeed to find sustainable solutionsIncrease local food productionIncrease/distribute income so people can afford foodImproved food distributionClean water sourcesSolve local political conflictsEmpower women Ready to Eat Theraputic Foods (RUTF)Plumpy’ NutOral rehydration therapyTo avoid refeeding syndromeMixture of water, electrolytes and sugarSaves one million lives per yearNutritional Intervention Strategies to Combat Micronutrient DeficienciesSupplementationFortification of widely eaten foods, condiments (ex. Salt, sugar, MSG)Public health education Dietary diversification Animal Cloning vs GE animalsAnimal Cloning:Born as a result of asexual reproductionNo new genes in themGE:Introducing new genes into animalA method of altering animal, not copying itNew DNA new traitsBovine Growth HormoneA protein hormoneDestroyed in pasteurization processNo activity of taken by mouthGiven to cows to increase milk production by 10-25%, increase lean tissue and


View Full Document

UMD NFSC 100 - International Nutrition

Documents in this Course
Nutrition

Nutrition

12 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

23 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

21 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

4 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

6 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

24 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

9 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

12 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

6 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

8 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

4 pages

Aging

Aging

27 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

47 pages

Exam #2

Exam #2

23 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

15 pages

EXAM II

EXAM II

4 pages

Exam I

Exam I

18 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

29 pages

Load more
Download International Nutrition
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view International Nutrition and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view International Nutrition 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?