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NFSC100Study Guide 3Questions To PonderPregnancy, Lactation and Infant Feeding1. Describe the concept of the critical periods. What are the three stages in the development of a human baby and how long does each one last?a. Each organ and tissue grows its own characteristic pattern and timing, the development takes place only at a certain time, if development is limited to only a critical period, recovery is impossibleb. Zygote  0-2 weeks, embryo  2-8 weeks, fetus  8-40 weeks2. What is normal gestational length? What is normal birth weight?a. 37-40 weeksb. 5.6-9.9 pounds3. What are the causes and outcomes of low birth weight?a. Low maternal weight gain during pregnancy, low maternal pre-pregnancy weight, maternal lifestyle factors (alcohol, smoking, drugs)b. 12 times higher risk of infant death, congenital malformations, behavior/learning problems4. What are the weight gain recommendations for pregnancy based upon? Whatis the recommended weight gain for pregnancy? What is the pattern of weight gain during pregnancy?a. Based upon pre-pregnancy BMIb. Having a BMI of 25-35c. Gaining 3-5 pounds during the first trimester and one pound per weekafter that5. What are the various components of maternal weight gain during pregnancy?a. Breast size increase, fluid volume increases, placenta is formed, blood in the placenta, amniotic fluid, actual infant, increased size of uterus and supporting muscles, mother’s fat stores6. What are the consequences if inadequate and excessive weight gains during pregnancy?a. If you are over or underweight it is harder for you child to achieve a healthy weight and proper nutrients7. For which nutrients are recommendations higher in pregnancy than in non-pregnant women? Why are the needs for these nutrients elevated? What are the nutrients of particular importance during pregnancy? a. Iron anemia related to poor birth outcomes, folate  neural tube defects, calcium  if the intake is inadequate, it will be taken from themother’s bones, Choline  helps with brain development8. What is spina bifida? What does it result from?a. Spina bifida is a condition in which the vertebrae fail to fuse fully causing membranes, fluids, and nerves to bulge out. This often leads to paralysis, retardation, etc.b. It results from a combination of folate-deficiency and genetic predisposition.9. What is choline? What are the EPA/DHA? Why are these important in pregnancy?a. Essential nutrient in fetal development, best source is egg yolksb. Helps in brain development, may lower risk of pre term labor, is generally added to baby formulas10. What is fetal alcohol syndrome?a. When alcohol crosses the placenta freely and is toxic, this limits the delivery of oxygen to the fetus, slowing down cell division which causes abnormalities in organs, brain cell division, nutrient transport to the fetus, if happens before fertilization can damage the sperm or ovum leading to abnormalities in the child. Children may have physical deformities such as small heads, underdeveloped jaws, droops eyes, uneven ears or thin lips 11. What is gestational diabetes?a. Diabetes with its first onset during pregnancy, all women are tested at28 weeks or sooner, managed with diet and diabetes medications, raises risk of type 2 diabetes later in life. 12. Which nutrients are recommendations higher during lactations that in the non-lactating state? Why are the needs for these nutrients increased?a. Intake of the B vitamins (except folate) and vitamin A and C, zinc, selenium, magnesium (not iron), water and proteinb. These needs are increased because the lactating women need more protein and calories13. What other recommendations are given to lactating women?a. Decrease consumption of cigarettes, marijuana, alcohol and caffeine, get plenty of rest, don’t lose weight by severely restricting calories14. What are oxytocin and prolactin and how do they regulate milk production and breastfeeding?a. Prolactin stimulates milk production and oxytocin causes the release of milk from storage, they work together in regulating milk production and breastfeeding15. What are reasons women would not be able to breastfeed?a. Only one in 500 women are not able to breastfeed, this can be due to ifthe mother is taking prescription medications, or if she has AIDS thereare usually social issues within the mother’s, not the inability to breastfeed. Sometimes the mother cannot produce enough milk 16. What are the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant? To the mother? What are the disadvantages of breastfeeding? a. Colostrumhigh in antibodies, factors to stimulate growth of healthy gut bacteria; Mature milk nutritionally complete for the first 4-6 months, easily digested protein called lactalbumin, high bioavailabilityof nutrients, protective against infection, decreased risk of food allergiesb. Emotional bonding, cost and convenience, reduced risk for breast cancer, may help with weight lossc. Father’s bonding, environment impacts milk, not easy immediately, societal barriers, different patterns of weight gain may cause concern (gain weight more quickly at first)17. Do breastfed infants require supplements? If so why and which?a. Generally should not need supplementsb. Vitamin D if there is little sunlight, fluoride if their water is not fluoridated and vitamin B12 if the mother is a complete vegetarian 18. What are the components of infant formulas?a. Cows milk, soy-based, protein hydrolysate, iron, RDAs for most vitamins/minerals, DHA and ARA19. When is solid food introduced to an infant? What is solid food offered at this time? What is the first food offered to an infant? In what order are other foods offered?a. In the first 4-6 months because they have proper development of theirmouth musclesb. Iron-fortified cereal (rice cereal)c. Then vegetables before fruits so they don’t develop a preference for sweet foods, and then finally meats20. Why are some parents told to avoid giving infants honey during the first years? Eggs? Cow’s milk?a. They can choke on honeyb. Many infants have allergies to eggsc. Cows milk before the first year is bad for the infant’s GI tractNutrition and Physical Exercise1. What are the benefits of exercise?a. Cardiovascular function, lower blood pressure, increase HDL, lower LDL and triglycerides, decreased risk for colon and breast cancer, energy balance, immune system function, increase lean tissue and fat loss, increase glucose uptake by muscle tissue and bones,


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UMD NFSC 100 - Study Guide

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