NFSC100Study Guide 2Questions To PonderPart 2Proteins and Amino Acids:What do proteins do?Build tissue, growth or replacements of parts, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, fluid electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, energy, transportation, blood clotting, structural componentsHow much do we need?DRI recommendation is dependent on size and stage of growthDRI recommendation of .8 grams per kg of body weightMinimum is 10% of total caloriesAthletes may need slightly more (1 gram per kg)Classification of amino acidsEssential (9)- histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylaline, threonine, tryptophan and valineNonessential (11)Protein DenaturationHeat, acid, alcohol, base, saltsVitaminsOrganic compounds contain carbon many different structures form simple to complexNon-caloricEssential lack of vitamins leads to deficiency syndromes, can not be synthesized in the body (with exceptions)Needed in small amounts ClassificationFat-solubleVitamins A,D,E and KAbsorbed like dietary fat, requires bileCarried in the blood using protein carriersCan be stored in body fat, mainly liverGenerally have greater body stores then water-solubleHigh likelihood of toxicityWater-solubleThiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic Acid, B6, CGenerally have lower body stores then fat-soluble vitaminsUsually excreted in urineLow in toxicityVitamin AFunctions:Eyesight, gene regulation, cell differentiation, immune function, growth of bone and teeth ToxicityFrom fortified foods Concern of pregnant women, children and adolescentsFrom AccutaneBeta CaroteneVitamin A precursor found in plants water soluble, low in toxicity, found in bright orange fruits and vegetables and leafy greensMany carotenoids but beta carotene is the most abundantAntioxidantsPrevents free radicals from causing damage to body structures such as cell membranes and DNAVitamin C/E, zinc, selenium, copper and phytochemicalsFree Radical DamageMolecules often oxygen with unpaired electrons that cause damage to the body’s structuresSources: mitochondria, immune system, pollutants, cigarette smokeCell membranes and lipids causing cells lysisInactivation and degradation of proteins and enzymesDamage to DNA Chain rxn road block =antioxidantsDiseases associated: heart, cancer, aging, cataractsSourcesFortified milk, carrots, beef liver, sweet potatoes, apricotsVitamin DFunctionsRegulated blood calcium and phosphorus levelsHelps to maintain bone integrityStimulates maturation of cells including immune cellsActs on genes affecting how cells grow and multiply diseases (cancer, multiple sclerosis) Highly toxicDeficiency Rickets:Poor bone mineralizationBody weight causes legs to bowSources: Fortified milk, salmon, shrimp, liver, SUNLIGHTVitamin EFunctionsProtects cell membranesRegulates oxidation reactionsAntioxidant (lungs, RBC, immune cells, brain cells)SourcesCanola oil, safflower oil, mayonnaise, wheat germ, sunflower seedsVitamin KFunctionsSynthesis of blood clottingSynthesis of proteins important to bone mineralizationMade by intestinal bacteriaNewborns given a dose of VK at birthAntibiotic overdose can lead to VK deficiencySources Cabbage, spinach, soybeans, canola oil, salad greensVitamin CFunctionsAssists in enzyme involved in the formation and maintenance of collagen, wound healing acts as an antioxidant especially protecting the immune system cells from free radical generation**smokers should take more to counter act free radicalsSourcesSweet potatoes, strawberries, broccoli, brussel sproutsFolic Acid (Folate)FunctionsPart of a coenzyme needed for new cell synthesisSourcesAsparagus, avocado, beets, legumes, seedsB6FunctionsHelps the body use AA to synthesize non-essential AAPlays a role in synthesis of hemoglobin and neurotransmittersB12FunctionsInvolved in cell division, synthesis of DNAHelps to maintain nerve cellsSourcesChicken liver, sirloin steak, tuna, Swiss cheeseThiaminFunctionsCoenzyme in energy production pathwaysSupports normal appetite and nervous system functionsSourcesGreen peas, waffles, black beans, baked potatoesNiacinFunctionsCoenzyme in energy production pathwaysSourcesChicken breast, tuna, pork chop, mushroomsRiboflavinFunctionsCoenzyme in energy production pathwaysSupports normal vision and skin healthSourcesMilk, yogurt, mushrooms, spinach, beef
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