Food ChoicesHuman HealthWhat are the 6 classes of nutrients Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids Vitamins, Minerals, WaterWhat is an example of a food that has all of the 6 nutrients?MilkWhat is a calorie? The amount of heat energy needed to raise the temp of one kg of water by 1 degreeHow do you measure calories? By a bomb calorimeterHow many kcals are in protein, carb, fat, and alcoholProtein has 4 Carb has 4Fat has 9Alcohol has 7What units are vitamins and minerals in? Milligrams/MicrogramsWhat are beneficial non-nutrients and where are they found?Phytochemicals, in the pigment of fruits/veggiesWhat are the characteristics of a nutritious diet?AdequacyBalanceModerationVarietyCalorie ControlWhat is the formula for nutrient density Nutrient Content/Calories A food rich in nutrients but low in calsWhy Eat? Have to:-HungerWant to:-Social reasons, appetite, stress, habitWhat does the hypothalamus do? Causes Hunger-Processes nerve signals How do Hormones affect hunger? Cortisol (stress hormone)Leptin from fat tissueNeuropeptide Y from hypothalamusWhat does composition of meals have to do with hunger?Dietary fiber and water are more fillingCausing the stomach to expand What are the 4 influences on food availability?Natural EnvironmentTechnologyEconomicsPopulationWhat are some factors that affect person’s food choices?Comfort foods, heritage, weight control, advertising, prevent diseaseNutrition & PhysiologyWhat are the 5 levels of body organization? And defineCellsTissues- group of cells performing a functionOrgans- group of tissues performing a functionSystems – group of organsOrganismWhat does the nucleus do? Control Center, Contains DNAWhat does the Mitochondrion do Supply ATPWhat does the Golgi complex do? PackageWhat does the ribosome do? Protein synthesisWhat does the ER do? ChannelsSmooth- cholesterol synthesis and fat metabolismRough-Protein ProductionPlasma Membrane- Regulates what enters/leaves cellLysosome House KeeperMembrane Receptors Proteins on outside of cell that detect signalsCytoplasm? Fluid and organelles between nucleus and membraneWhat are the 4 types of tissues? Epithelial ConnectiveMuscular NervousWhat are the parts/functions of:Integumentary Skin, hair, nails, sweat glandsProvides covering, maintains temp, excretes salts/ureaSkeletal Bones, Joints, Ligaments, CartilageProvides support/protectionMuscular System Skeletal MusclesMovement- high energy/nutrients req.Nervous Brain, Spine, Nerves, ReceptorsSensation, Interpretation, IntegrationEndocrine Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas)Secrete hormones that help control bodyactivities like growth and reprod.Cardiovascular Heart, Blood Vessels, BloodTransports nutrients and oxygen aroundthe bodyLymphatic Lymph vessels, nodes, spleen, tonsilsReturns fluid to blood, defense against pathogensRespiratory Lungs, PassagesTakes in O secretes CODigestive Mouth Esophagus Stomach IntestinesTakes in, breaks down, absorbs excretesUrinary Kidney, Bladder, DuctsExcretes waste as urine and regulates body water, acid-base balance of bloodWhat is digestion? Break down of food components into small enough structures to facilitate absorption. Both Mechanical & ChemicalHow does saliva aid in digestion Moistens food making easier to chew and dissolves food chemicals so we can taste What are the 2 enzymes in saliva? Amylase- breaks down starch into polysaccharidesLipase- breaks down fat (Triglycerides) into fatty acids, mono and di glyceridesHow does the esophagus aid in digestion?Mechanical only- peristaltic movementWhat does the liver do? Produces bile which is stored in the gallbladderWhat does the stomach produce? Hcl and pepsinWhat does the stomach do? Grind & Churn foodAmylase is inactivated, lipase is activeUncoils protein strands into polypeptidesWhere are secretions that are active in the small intestine produced?Pancreas- Amylase that breaks down polysaccharides into smaller ones. Lipase takes emulsified fat and makes monoglyceridesIntestine- breaks down maltose sucrose and lactose into monosaccharaides (glucose fructose galactose)Liver- takes fat and makes emulsified fatWhat do villi do? Increase surface area for absorption, secrete mucousWhat do capillaries and lymph vessels do in the small intestine?Carry away water soluble nutrients and lipid matterWhat happens in the colon? Reabsorbs water and minerals. Microflora fermentsWhat ends up in the large intestine? Most of the fiberWhat digests the fiber in the large intestine?Bacterial enzymes, which make fatty acids and gas. What does fiber do? Hold water, regulate BM, bind cholesterol and carry out of the bodyWhat do carbs yield? Glucose, fructose, galactoseWhat do fats yield? Fatty acids, monoglycerides and cholesterol Protein? Amino acidsFiber? Binds cholesterol, some minerals, and volatile fatty acidsDietary GuidelinesWhy is it a problem that 65% of Americans are obese?-increases chronic illness-decrease in economic/military productivity What is DRI? Dietary Reference intake4 tools that provide dietary guidelines for americansWhat are the four tools RDA, EAR, AI, ULWhat is RDA? Recommended Dietary Allowance- Levels of nutrient intake to meet needs of 90% of people - Consume less than 2/3 at risk for deficientcyWhat is EAR Estimated Average Requirement- Amount that means optimal nutrient needs for half the individualsWhat is AI Adequate Intake-same as RDA, but lacking scientific evidnce to set an RDA (calcium)What is UL Upper LimitTotal intake should not exceed this or health affects may resultWhat are the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?Basis for Federal Nutrition Policy-23 recommendations for the general population, 6 for sub popsWhat does the Dietary Guideline suggest?Maintain calorie balance Focus on comusming nutrient dense foodAccording to my plate what are the ratios of nutrients?Fat is 20-35%CHO is 45-65%Protein is 10-35%CarbohydratesWhat is type 2 diabetes • Characterized by insulin resistance - the insulin is there, but it doesn't work to foster glucose uptake by the cellsOccurs later in life (adult onset)Know Blood Glucose ValuesRegular: 100mg/dl or lessPrediabetes: 100-125 mg/dlDiabetic: 125 mg/dLKnow Complications of DiabetesBlindness, Kidney Disease, Heart Disease, Nerve Damage, Increased Infections, Amputation of limbsFatty acids make it soluble in fatKnow difference between HDL and LDL Used to assess risk of heart disease Total cholesterol LDLs associated with increased risk Less healthy , want low More lipid less
View Full Document
Unlocking...