Energy Balance and Obesity1. What are the components of the energy balance equation? Does the macronutrient breakdown of the diet matter in terms of energy balance? Why or why not?- Energy in, energy out and body fatness- Yes because some nutrients provide more amounts of energy than others 2. What constitutes “energy in” and how is it measured? What are some limitations to measuring “energy in”?- Energy in is the calories taken in each day from food and beverages- *Limitations to measuring energy 3. What are the three components of “energy out” and what percentage of overall energy expenditure is accounted for by each component?- Basal metabolism and voluntary activitieso The cost of staying aliveo Measured right in the morningo Reflects differences in age and sex - The thermic effect of foodo The cost of digestion and absorption of foodo Typically 5-7 percent of totally daily caloric intakeo Released as heat- Can be calculated by formula or determined by observation of weight maintenance at a given level of intake over time4. How is Basal Metabolic Rate calculated (be able to calculate it)? What factors impact a person’s BMR?- *Convert weight to kg, 2.2 lbs per kg, multiply height- Factors:o Gendero Physical activity levelo Amount of muscle versus fat5. What is the BMI? Be able to calculate it and be able to interpret the BMI in terms of weight status. What doesn’t the BMI measure?- Body Mass Index- Weight (kg) divided by height squared (meters) turn height from inches to feet by multiplying inches times .254- Measures what percent of a person’s body is fat 6. What are the health risks associated with obesity? - Hypertension, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hernias, flat feet, cancers, arthritis, sleep problems7. What is the difference between fat free mass and fat mass? We discussed several ways to determine % body fat such as skinfold measurements, BIA and underwater weighing. How are each of these methods used to assess percent body fat? - Fat free mass is muscle mass- Fat mass is mass solely from fat- Skinfold measurements:o Using a tool to pinch different parts of skin that then ca;culates amount of body fat- BIA (Bioelectric Impedance Analysis)o Based upon difference in composition between fat mass and muscle masso Fat free mass higher in water and will conduct electricityo Resistance encountered by an electrical charge as it moves through the body is related to total fat mass in the body- Underwater Weighingo Also known as densitometryo Can determine the body density of a erson8. What is the gynoid body shape? What is the android body shape? Which of these is more dangerous in terms of cardiovascular risk? - Gynoid: most of the fat is in their lower parts of the body- Android: most of fat is in their stomach and chest area- Android is worse because more fat is in the chest area by the heart which could cause cardiovascular risk9. What are the environmental causes of obesity? - Inactivity- Caloric beverage consumption- Portion sizes10. What are the three components of a successful weight loss program? Provide detailson the dietary recommendations for weight loss. How much of a calorie deficit must onecreate to lose a pound of body fat? - Diet modification, physical activity and behavior modification- Create an energy deficit, one pound of fat equals 3,500 calories so create a deficit of 500 calories a day11. What are some components of fad diets? - Promising quick fixes- Warnings to stay away from one product- Too good to be true claims- Recommendations made from one study- Lists of good and bad foods- Dramatic and reputable statements12. What are the risks/benefits of alternative treatments for obesity such as drugs, surgery and very low calorie diets?- Drugs can become dependent and may not always work- Surgery can be dangerous and always want to avoid having surgery- Less than 800 calories a day may not be healthyEating Disorders1. What are the three most common types of eating disorders and what are the characteristics of each?- Anorexia nervosa- Bulimia nervosa- Binge eating2. What are the causes of each? - Societal pressure for thinnes- Media messages- Dieting- Perfectionism- Family dynamics- Sexual abuse, depression, anxiety, etc…3. What are the dangers of each?- Anorexiao Characteristics: patient is unaware, distorted body image, lack of period, mood and behavior changes and physical exhaustiono Dangers: slowing of growth and development, BMR declines due to loss of lean body mass, bones weaken, heart weakened, anemia, slowing of GIfunction, death due to heart failure- Bulimiao Characteristics: close to ideal body weight but with large weight fluctuations, low self esteem, aware of disorder, periods of calorie restriction and then binges and purges, laxative abuse and feelings of out of control, embarrassed and guilto Dangers: impairs electrolyte balance, can lead to abnormal heart rhythms, irritation and infection of the pharynx, esophagus and salivary glands, erosion of teeth and tear or rupture in stomach or esophagus- Binge Eatingo Characteristics: periods of restricting generally followed by period of binging, no purging, feeling out of control, embarrassed, depressed and guilty, responds more easily to treatmento Dangers: can include some signs of other disorders, may not be clinically considered a full eating disorder, can be physically and emotionally dangerous4. How it affects athletes?- Restrict intake to enhance performance, appearance or to meet weight guidelines for a sport- Risk Factors: young age, pressure to excel in sport, focused on achieving ideal weight, participation in sports promotes lean appearance - Female Athletes:o Restrict dieting, over exercise, weight loss and lack of body fato Amenorrhea: diminished hormoneso Osteoporosis: loss of calcium from bones- Male Athleteso Denial due to stigmao Muscle dimorphicPregnancy, Lactation and Infant Feeding1. Describe the concept of critical periods. What are the three stages in the development of a human baby and how long does each last?- Critical periods are when each organ and tissue grows with its own characteristic pattern and timing, each development takes place at a certain “Critical” time, if development of an organ is limited during a critical period recovery is impossible- Zygote: 0-2 weeks, rapid cell division- Embryo: 2-8 weeks, organ formation- Fetus: 8-40 weeks, rapid growth2. What is normal gestational length? What is normal birth weight? - 37 to 40 weeks,
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