9/5/11 Chapter 1: Food Choices and Human Health- A lifetime of nourishmento The nutrients(water, carbs, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals) in food support growth, maintenance, and repair of the bodyo Deficiencies, excesses and imbalances of energy and nutrients bring on the diseases of malnutritiono The diet and health connection Nutrition profoundly affect health In top ten causes of death in US, the top 3(heart disease, cancer, strokes) and the 7th(diabetes) are related to nutritiono Genetics and individuality Some diseases are purely genetic(sickle-cell anemia) and some may be inherited(downsyndrome, hemophilia Choice of diet influences long-term health within the range set by genetic inheritanceo Other Lifestyle choices(staying physically active or sing tobacco/alcohol can also affect health for the better or worse)- Healthy People 2010:Nutrition objectives for the nationo US department of health and human services sets 10-year health objectives to reduce disease risks for the nationo Rates of foodborne infections and many cancers has declined, but the numbers of overweight people and people with diabetes is rising- The human body and its foodo Meet the nutrients Carbs, fats, proteins and vitamins are organic(contain carbon) Water The energy-yielding nutrients/macronutrients- Carbs, fats, protein(also provides materials for body structures)- Body can use the energy they contain and they are needed in large amounts Regular nutrients/micronutrients- Vitamins and minerals- Provide no energy, some serve as parts of structures and others assist with body processes The concept of essential nutrients- If not injested then you will develop deficiencies because the body cannot make it for itself- Water; some carbs, lipids, and proteins;all vitamins and mineralso Can I live on just supplements? Elemental diets- Diets composed of purified ingredients of known chemical composition- Intended to supply all essential nutrients to people who cannot eat foods A diet of real food is better than just supplements- Food conveys emotional satisfaction and hormonal stimuli that contribute to health- Foods have phytochemicalso Give them their tastes, aromas, colors and other characteristicso Some may be bioactice food components that interact with metabolic processes in the body and may affect disease risks- The challenge of choosing foodso The abundance of foods to choose from Whole(form basis of a nutritious diet: milk, meats, fish, vegetables, beans, fruits and grains) Enriched/fortified(nutrients have been added, could lead to more nutritious or less nutritious if base is sugar/fat) Fast(made within minutes and hard to tell whether they are healthy) Functional(whole or modified foods that provide health benefits like reduced disease risks) Other terms- Medical(manufactured for use by people with medical disorders)- Natural(no legal definition but used to imply wholesomeness)- Nutracutical(no legal definition but used to sell foods that have medicinal effects)- Organic(grown without pesticides or fertilizers)- Processed(undergoes any process, may or my not be nutritious)- Staple(foods eaten frequently or daily)o How, exactly, can I recognize a nutritious diet? Adequecy(foods provide enough of each essential nutrient) Balance(the choices do not overemphasize one nutrient or food type at the expense of another) Calorie control(the foods provide the amount of energy that matches energy expended in activity) Moderation(the foods do not provide excess fat, salt, sugar or other unwanted constituents) Variety(foods chosen differ from one day to the next)o Why people choose foods Cultural and social meanings attached to food- Trying different cusines, foodways and ethnic foods can be celebratory for your own heritage or someone else’s and also symbolic(acceptance of other people’s views)- Vegetarians honor lives of animals or they enjoy the health benefits Factors that drive food choices- Advertising, availability, cost, emotional comfort, habit, preference, positive/negative associations, region you live, social pressure, values/beliefs, weight, nutrition/health benefits- Weight/nutrition/ health benefits and also where are most common factors- A guide to behavior changeo The process of change(precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, moving on)o Assessments and goals(recognizing problem, seeing how to change it and then making a goal to reach in order to change ito Obstacles to change Competence(person lacks knowledge or skill to make change) Confidence- Person possesses knowledge but believe that needed change is beyond the scope of his or her ability- Needs to establish self-efficacy(belief in one’s ability) and locus of control(belief that the individual has control over life’s events) Motivation(person has both competence and confidence but lacks sufficient reason to
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