Energy Balance and Obesity1.Whatarethecomponentsoftheenergybalanceequation?Doesthemacronutrientbreakdownofthedietmatterintermsofenergybalance?Whyorwhynot? Energy in – energy out = energy stores2.Whatconstitutes“energyin”andhowisitmeasured?Whataresomelimitationstomeasuring“energyin”? Energy in: calories taken in each day/ measured using the exchange system/computerized system3.Whatarethethreecomponentsof“energyout”andwhatpercentageofoverallenergy expenditureisaccountedforbyeachcomponent? Engergy out: metabolism(BMR) and voluntary activites/ “thermic effect of food”Thermic effect of food”: the cost of digestion and absorption of food, 5-7% of daily carloies, released through heatBMR- the cost of staying alive, measured as soon as you wake up, reflects differences in age, sex, and lean body mass- 60-70% Physical activity- can vary, 35-75% or more 4.HowisBasalMetabolicRatecalculated(beabletocalculateit)?Whatfactorsimpactperson’s BMR? Convert your weight to kg, 2.2lb/1kg then multiply it by kcal/kg/hr for female its .9 for males its 1 then multiply by 24 (hours)Factors impact: muscle mass (testosterone vs. estrogen)/ BMR is derived from lean tissue/ cost of physical activity is higher when muscle mass is great5.WhatistheBMI?BeabletocalculateitandbeabletointerprettheBMIintermsofweightstatus.Whatdoesn’ttheBMImeasure? Body mass index. Lb x 703/ht^2(inches)<18.9 underweight<24.9 normal<29.9 overweight<34.9 grade I<39.9 grade II>40 grade IIIDoes not measure body composition or fat distribution6. Whatarethehealthrisksassociatedwithobesity? 300,000 people die each yearIncreases risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke, flat feet, some cancer, etc.7.Whatisthedifferencebetweenfatfreemassandfatmass?Wediscussedseveralwaystodetermine%bodyfatsuchasskinfoldmeasurements,BIAandunderwaterweighing.Howareeachofthesemethodsusedtoassesspercentbodyfat? Fat free mass is muscle massNormal between 12-20% body fat for men, women 20-30%BIA- resistance encountered by an electrical charge as it goes through the body is related to the total fat mass in the body because fat free mass is higher in water and will conduct electricitySkinfold test- measurement of the thickness of a fold of skin Underwater test- a measure of density and volume8.Whatisthegynoidbodyshape?Whatistheandroidbodyshape?Whichoftheseismoredangerousintermsofcardiovascularrisk? They are both waist circumference. Android is upper body fat and gynoid is lower body fat. Android is more dangerous9. Whataretheenvironmentalcausesofobesity? Inactivity, caloric beverage intake, and portion sizes10.Whatarethethreecomponentsofasuccessfulweightlossprogram?Providedetailsonthedietaryrecommendationsforweightloss.Howmuchofacaloriedeficitmustonecreatetolose apoundofbodyfat? Diet modificationHigh carb foods that are nutrient dense, do not skip meals, keep food recordsPhysical activityChose an active exercise, large not muscle groups, time not speed, and exercise dailyBehavior modificationEliminate or suppress inappropriate eating cues, strengthen appropriate eating cues, repeated desired behaviors, reward positive behaviors, withhold rewards for inappropriate behaviorsCut 500 calories to lose a pound a day11. Whataresomecomponentsoffaddiets? Promises a quick fix, claims sound too good to be true, recommendations based on a single study, advice given to help sell a product12.Whataretherisks/benefitsofalternativetreatmentsforobesitysuchasdrugs,surgeryandverylowcaloriediets?Surgery cannot always be safe and you need to really change your lifestyle after you get surgery or it wont work. Drugs can be dangerous and make you gain weightwhen you get off of them. Very low calorie diets are safe if they are high in protein but may not provide you with the right amount of nutrients.Eating Disorders1.Whatarethethreemostcommontypesofeatingdisordersandwhatarethecharacteristicsofeach? Anorexia nervosa- a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight, self-starvation to the extreme, and a disturbed perception of body weight and shapeBulimia nervosa- recurring episodes of binge eating combined with a morbidfear of becoming fat; usually followed by self-induced vomiting or purgingBinge eating disorder- criteria is similar to bulimia, excluding purging or other compensatory behaviors2. Whatarethecausesofeach? Sociocultural, psychological, hereditary, and probably neuro-chemical/ excessive pressure from society to be thnkNo one knows for certain what causes anorexia nervosa.3. Whatarethedangersofeach? Anorexia- protein-energy malnutrition, internal organs suffer such as the heart pumping inefficiently and irregularly, blood pressure falls, iron diminishes and anemia ensures which makes the heart struggle to pump oxygen, bones get weak, heart failure, kidney failure, neurological and digestive consequences, brain functions wrong, diarrhea which worsens malnutrition occurs, dry skin, low body temperature, and the development offine body hair…one of the highest mortality rates among disorders, 1000 die each year of usually a heart disorder or suicide.Bulimia- fluid and electrolyte imbalances leading to abnormal heart rhythms which can cause death by heart failure, infection and irritation of the pharynx/esophagus/salivary glands, erosion of the teeth, dental caries, tearing of esophagus or stomachPregnancy, Lactation and Infant Feeding1.Describetheconceptofcriticalperiods.Whatarethethreestagesinthedevelopmentofahumanbabyandhowlongdoeseachlast? Critical periods are 2-8 weeks where each tissue and organ develops within its own pattern and timing. If the development of an organ is
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