Questions to Ponder Exam 2 Fall 2015 Proteins 1 What is the structure of proteins and amino acids 2 What is an essential amino acid What are the nine essential amino acids Essential amino acids are those that either can not be synthesized at all by your body or cannot be nts sufficient to meet synthesized in amou physiological need 1 histidine 2 isoleucine leucine 3 4 lysine 5 methionine 6 phenylalanine 7 8 9 valine threonine tryptophan Functions of proteins 3 What are the functions of proteins in the body How much protein does the average person need 1 provide structure and movement around 40 of the body protein are present in the muscle tissues Specialized muscle protein structures allow the body to move The muscle protein can release some of their amino acids should the energy becomes dire as in starvation 2 Buiding enzymes hormones and other compounds enzymes are metabolics workhorses The enzyme will act as a catalyst it speeds up the reaction that would happen anyways but much slower Other enzymes break down into two or more product or rearrange the atoms in one kind of compound to make another The body s hormones messenger molecules and many of them are made from amino acids Various body glands release hormones when changes occurs in the internal environment the hormones then elict tissues responses necessary to restore normal condition 3 Building antibodies the antibodies best demonstrate that proteins are specific to one organism Antibodies distinguish foreign particle usually protein from all the proteins that belongs in their bodie 4 Transporting substances it transforms other substances such as lipids vitamins and minerals to do their job 5 Maintaining Fluid and electrolyte balance it helps to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance by regulating the quantity of fluids in the compartments of the body 6 Maintaining acid based balance it act like a buffer to maintain the body s normal pH 7 Blood Clotting prevent dangerous blood loss ele The DRI recommendation for protein intake depends on body weight and stage of growth DRI intake is 0 8 gram per kilogram of body weight Minimum is 10 of the total calories athletes may need slightly more 1 0 gram per kg 4 How proteins are digested and absorbed in the body 1 Stomach when swallowed food arrives in the stomach acid denatures the protein strands and an enzyme cleaves amino acid strands into polypeptides and a few amino acids 2 Small Intestine Enzymes from the pancreas and the intestines split peptide into tripeptides dipeptides and amino acids 3 Small Intestine Enzymes on the surface of the small intestine s lining and within the absoprtive cells split tripeptides and dipeptides The intestinal cells absorp and transfer amino acids to the blood stream 4 Bloodstream the bloodstream transports amino acids to all the body s cells 5 What are marasmus and kwashiorkor What causes each What are the symptoms of each Marasmus is a protein deficiency it is chronic inadequate food intake inadequate energy vitamin mineral and protein intake people shriveled and lean all over extreme loss of muscle and fat are characteristics of marasmus Kwashiorkor swollen belly and skin rash are present severe acute malnutrition too little protein to support body functions the edema and enlarged liver are characteristic of this deficiency It is also common that kids to have enlarged abdomen from parasites 6 Why might a vegetarian diet be healthier than that of a meat eater Why might it be less healthy There are strong evidence that links vegetarian diets with a reduced number of chronic diseases Some benefits include less obesity defense against certain cancers less heart disease less high blood pressure may help prevent diabetes osteoporosis diverticular disease gallstones and rheumatoid arthritis A diet without the proper nutrients can be deficient poorly planned vegetarian diets typically lack iron zinc calcium omega 3 fatty acids vitamin D and vitamin B12 7 What are the problems associated with protein excess often associated with obesity therefore many other health risks animal proteins can be high in saturated fat which contribute to atherosclerosis and heart disease animals fed experimentally high protein diets often develop enlarged kidney or livers In humans a high diet in protein can worsens existing kidney problems and may decline in only mildly impaired kidney Protein intake and calcium can accelerate adult bone loss feeding purified proteins to human subjects causes calcium to be spilled from the urine diets high in protein animal protein is often correlated with a higher incidence of hip fracture in some populations protein deficiency and hips fractures happen together Having a diet rich in protein and giving certain calcium and vitamin D supplements can improve bone status Vitamin and Minerals 1 What is a vitamin Compare and contrast fat soluble and water soluble vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds that are vital to life and indispensable to body functions but are needed only in minute amounts non caloric essential nutrients Fat soluble vitamins Vitamin A D E and K water soluble vitamins B and C vitamins absorption absorbed direct in the blood transport and storage excretion toxidity requirements it is absorped like fat first into the lymph than in the blood stream must travel with protein carriers in watery body fluids it is stored in the liver and in fat tissues not readly excreted tend to build up in the tissues travels freely in watery fluids most are not stored in the body readily excreted in the urine most happen from suplements it is very rarely to occur in food unlike to occur but is possible with high dosage of suplements needed in periodic doses perhaps weeks or even months becaus the body can draw its storage needed in frequent doses because the body does not store it 2 What vitamins can be synthesized in our body Vitamin K biotin from bacteria in guts vitamin D sunlight and 7 dehydrocholesterol 3 What are the causes of vitamin deficiency syndromes beriberi pellagra and scurvy Beriberi becuase of thiamine deficiency with polished rice Pellagra it is a niacin related disease in corn based diet scurvy lack of scurvy acid prolonged deficiency of vitamin C 4 Why is vitamin A important for proper vision It is important to maintain a healthy cornea Is most familiar function is to sustain normal eyesigt Two very important roles important role in perception of light at the retina 1 2 maintenance of a health crystal clear outer
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