Carbohydrates 1. Whatarethefunctionsofcarbohydratesinthehumanbody? Main source of energy for cells, spare protein, provide energy/fiber, add bulk to foods- Comes from grains, fruits, and dairy products2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenasimpleandacomplexcarbohydrate?Listthethreedisaccharidesandthe three monosaccharides. Simple- sugars (molecule with 6 carbon atoms & oxygen and hydrogen)-Monosaccharides Complex- starches & fiber (sometimes called polysaccharides, long chains of sugar units) disaccharides Monosaccharides (6 Carbon molecules)Glucose- the body’s predominant fuelFructose- fruit sugarGalactose- one of the two components of the milk sugar lactoseDisaccharidesSucrose- combination of glucose and fructoseLactose- a combination of glucose and galactoseMaltose- combination of glucose and glucose3. Whatisthedifferencebetweenstarch,fiber,andglycogen? All polysaccharides(long strands of thousands of glucose units). Starch is a plants form of glucose. Glycogen is an animal and human beings form of glucose. Fibers are indigestible part of plants. (Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin)4. Whatarethebenefitsofconsuminghighfiberfoods? *Fiber holds together bile. If fiber was not present then much of the cholesterol from the bile is reabsorbed into your blood5. Whatislactoseintolerance? Lactase deficiency that gives you nausea, diarrhea and gas- the undigested lactose becomes fuel for bacteria that helps produce gas and irritants…since lactase digests lactose, and there is a deficiency in lactase the lactose cant be digested so it makes gas6.Explainhowbloodglucoseisregulated(includingwhichhormonesareinvolvedAfter a meal blood glucose rises and insulin is released. Insulin promotes glycogen formation in liver and muscle, after awhile glucoselevels fall, which promotes glucagon release. The glucagon stimulatesglycogen turning into glucose from liver7.CompareandcontractTypeIandType2diabetesmellitus.Whatarethelong-termsideeffectsofthedisease? Type 1- immune response to pancreatic cell because the pancreas produces little or no insulin, often occurs early in life. People need to take insulin their whole life or they can get cardiovascular and other diseases. Type 2 diabetes is when your body resists insulin because of weight gain, aging, or lack of physical activity. You need to control your diet and exercise or it can lead to death and other serious diseases. Long term side affects of diabetes include heart and kidney disease, blindness, nerve damage, increased infections, andamputation of limbs8.Whatarethethreecarbohydratescurrentlyusedforbiofeulproduction? Whichoftheseisleastefficientintheconversionofcarbohydratetoethanolwiththecurrenttechnology?Sunflower, soybean, switchgrass, corn, woodSwitchgrassLipids 1. Whatarethefunctionsoflipidsinourbodiesandinfoods? Natures way of condensing energy stores, insulates and protects organs, source of calories, flavor and tenderness of food, slows stomach emptying/more satiating, source of essential fatty acids2. Whatarethethreemaintypesoflipids? Triglycerides main form of fat in food made of glycerol backbone and three fatty acidsFatty acids are classfied by length, number and location of double bonds, and organization of hydrogen around the double bondsPhospholipids glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphorusPhosphorus part makes is soluble in water, fatty part makes it soluble in fat so it can serve as an emulsifier/ cell membranesSterols large molecules with connecting rings of carbon atoms that have carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen attachedCholesterol- nonessential that forms plaque and causes atherosclerosis raw material for bile, vitamin D, and steroid hormones 3.Howarelipidsdigested/absorbedinthebody?Howaretheytransportedfromthegastrointestinaltracttotheliver?Whathappenstothemintheliver? *liver produces bile and sends it to gall bladder who sends it into small intestine and pancreatic lipase flows from the pancreatic duct and breaks them down into monoglycerides, glycerol, and fatty acids which are absorbed 4.Whatarethedifferencesbetweensaturatedandunsaturatedfattyacidsintermsofchemicalstructure,wheretheyarefoundinourdiet,andtheirimpactuponhumanhealth? Saturated (animal fats) is a fatty acid carrying the maximum number ofhydrogen atoms and unsaturated(oils) has less than maximum. Saturated or unsaturated determines the fats hardness, it is better to eat unsaturated5.Whatistransfat?Whereistransfatfoundinthehumandiet?Whyareweadvisedtoeatminimaltransfat? Fatty acids with unusual shapes found in margarines, shortenings, and baked goods. They increase bad cholesterol levels.6.Whatarethetwoessentialfattyacids?Wherearetheyfoundinourdiet?Whyisitimportanttohavetheproperbalanceofthesetwofattyacidsinthediet? Omega 3(fatty fish, salmon, tuna, flaxseed, canola soybean oils, spinach, almonds, walnuts) and Omega 6 (grains, fats, and oils). They balance each other out because Omega 3 reduces inflammation, bloodclotting, and tumor growth. 7.Whatisthefunctionofalipoprotein?Listthethreemaintypesofhumanlipoproteinsanddescribethefunctionofeach. Transport vehicles for lipids in blood an lymph. VLDL- very low densitytake TG and cholesterol to bodyLDL- low density take TG and cholesterol to bodyHDL- high density takes cholesterol away from body to liver for disposal8. Whatarethedesirablevaluesfortotalcholesterol,HDLandLDLinourblood?Total- less than 200mgHDL- 60 mg and aboveLDL- less than 130mgProteins 1.Whatthefunctionsofproteinsinthebody?Howmuchproteindoestheaveragepersonneed? Build new tissue, a functional unit for hormones, antibodies, and enzymes, and helps physiology/metabolism. .8g per kilogram of
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