Questions to PonderExam 3, Fall 2013 Eating Disorder1. What are the three most common types of eating disorders and what are the characteristics of each? What are the causes of each? What are the dangers of each?Causes: societal pressures, distorted body image, media messages, unrealistic ideals, dieting, perfectionism, need for control, family dynamics, associated with depression, anxiety, sexual abusea) AnorexiaCharacteristic: unaware of condition, distorted body image, lack of menstruation, mood and behavior changes, physical exhaustion Dangers: slowing of growth/development, BMR declines due to loss of lean body mass, bones weaken, heart muscles weakened, anemia, slowing of GI function, electrolyte imbalance, deathb) Bulimia Nervosa (negative self perceptionrestrictive dieting binge eatingpurgingrepeat Characteristics: more prevalent, more men, tend to be close to ideal body weight but with large weight fluctuation, low self esteem, aware of disorder, periods of caloric restriction alternate with periods of binging and purging, laxative abuse, feelings of being out of control/embarrassed/depressed/guilty Dangers: impairs fluid and electrolyte balance, can lead to abnormal heart rate, irritation and infection of the pharynx, esophagus, salivary glands, erosion of teeth, tear or rupture of esophagus or stomach c) Binge Eating Characteristics: periods of restriction generally followed by periods of binging, NO purging, feelings of being out of control/embarrassed/depressed/guilty, responds more readily to treatment than other eating disordersDangers: 2. What can we do to treat and prevent eating disorders?Treat: professional help, physician, psychiatrist, registered dietitian, hospitalization, antidepressants/other drugsPrevent: encourage positive eating/physical behaviors, discourage unhealthy dieting, promote positive body image, encourage family meals, positive self talk/healthy eating/physical activity3. What are eating disorders in athletes?-May restrict intake: enhance performance, appearance, meet weight guidelines -Risks: young age, pressure to excel in sports, achieving “ideal” weight/fat percentage, emphasizes lean appearance, unhealthy dieting at early age -Women: restrictive dieting, over exercising, weight loss, lack of body fatAmenorrhea (diminished hormones)osteoporosis (loss of calcium from bones)-Male: muscle dysmorphia Pregnancy1. Describe the concept of critical periods. What are the three stages in the development of a human baby and how long does each last?a) Zygote: 0-2 weeks, rapid cell divisionb) Embryo: 2-8, Organ formation (CRITICAL PERIOD), central nervous system developing-first, each organ and tissue type grows with its own characteristic pattern/timingc) Fetus: 8-40, rapid growth 2. What is normal gestational length? 37 up to 40 weeks What is normal birth weight? 5.6 to 9.9 lbs Organ development during embryonic development? Central nervous system, heart, limbs, eyes, ears, teeth, palate, external genitalia3. What are the causes and outcomes of low birth weight? Causes: Born earlier than 36 weeks, lowmaternal weight gain during pregnancy, low maternal pregnancy weight, maternal lifestyle (alcohol, smoking, drugs), Outcome: infant death, congenital malformations, behavior and learning problems4. What are the weight gain recommendations for pregnancy based upon? Depending on weight before pregnancy (normal, underweight, overweight, obese: based on BMI) What is the recommend weight gain for pregnancy? Normal: 25-35, Underweight: 28-40, Overweight: 15-25,Obese: 15 What is the pattern of weight gain during pregnancy? 3-5 lbs in first trimester, then 1 lb a week after that 5. What is spina bifida? Congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube What does it result from? 6. What is gestational diabetes? Diabetes with first occurrence during pregnancy, all women testedat 28 weeks, raises risk of type 2 diabetes in later life, managed with diet/diabetes medication including insulin 7. For which nutrients are recommendations higher in pregnancy than in the non-pregnant state? Iron: anemia can cause poor birth outcomes, Folate: neural tube defects, Calcium: inadequate intake will be taken from mother’s bones Why are the needs for these nutrients elevated? Need to support self and baby What are the nutrients of particular importance during pregnancy?Lactation and Infant Feeding1. For which nutrients are recommendations higher during lactations that in the non-lactating state? Energy, protein, vitamin A, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Minerals: Zn, Mg, Se, not iron, water Why are the needs for these nutrients increased?2. What other recommendations are given to lactating women? Consume plenty of fluids, decrease/no consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, coffee, plenty of rest, don't restrict food intake to lose weight rapidly3. What are oxytocin: suckling stimulus for hypothalamus (receives info) then triggers posterior pituitary (oxytocin)- induces muscles to contract, gets milk to extract/ come out/ let down reflex(milk already made but allows it to go to the baby to drink) and prolactin: hypothalamus recognizes sucking stimulus then triggers the anterior pituitary (production of milk) and how they act to regulate milk production and breast feeding?4. What are the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant? To the mother? Colostrum: first milk, thin, yellowish, immune protection/antibodies, factor to stimulate growth of healthy gut bacteria, Mature milk: nutritionally complete, daily vitamin D supplement, easily digested, highbioavailability, protective against infections, decreased risk of food allergies/ more advantages: emotional bonding, convenience and cost, reduced risk of developing breast cancer 5. When is solid food introduced to an infant? Liquids: 0-4 months, immature kidneys, immature gastrointestinal tract, suckling reflex, transitional: 5-12 months, liquid and semi-solid foods, kidneys and GI tract maturing, mature suck and swallow reflex, modified adult: 1-10years, increasing variety and texture, GI tract mature, feeds self Why is solid food offered at this time? Start with fortified cereal, introduce vegetables before fruits What is the first food offered to an infant? In what order are other foods offered?6. Why are parents told to avoid given infants honey during the first year: Clostridium botulinum bacteria can sometimes be found in honey? Eggs: allergy food? Cow’s milk: more
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