Questions to Ponder Exam 3, Fall 2011Pregnancy, Lactation and Infant Feeding1. Describe the concept of critical periods. What are the three stages in the development of a human baby and how long does each last? Each organ and tissue type grows with its own characteristic pattern and timing. The development of each only takes place at a specific time, the critical period. 3 stages: Zygote (0-2 weeks)Embryo (2-8 weeks)Fetus (8-40 weeks)2. What is normal gestational length? What is normal birth weight? Normal gestational length is 37-40 weeksNormal birth weight is 5.6-9.9 pounds.3. What are the causes and outcomes of low birth weight? Causes by low maternal weight gain during pregnancy, low weight before pregnancy, and maternal lifestyle factors. Outcomes can be infant death, congenital malformations, and behavior and learning problems. 4. What are the weight gain recommendations for pregnancy based upon? What is the recommend weight gain for pregnancy? What is thepattern of weight gain during pregnancy? Weight gain is based upon the pre-pregnancy weight. Recommended weight gain for a normal woman is to gain 25-35 pounds. The pattern is 3-5 pounds during first trimester and 1 number per week thereafter. 5. What are the various components of maternal weight gain during pregnancy? 6. What are the consequences of inadequate and excessive weight gain during pregnancy? 7. For which nutrients are recommendations higher in pregnancy than in the non-pregnant state? Why are the needs for these nutrients elevated? What are the nutrients of particular importance during pregnancy? Iron: anemia related to poor birth outcomesFolate: can prevent neural tube defectsCalcium: if there is inadequate intake, it will be taken from mothers bones (which is bad)8. What is spina bifida? What does it result from? 9. What is choline? What are EPA/DHA? Why are these important in pregnancy? Choline is an essential nutrient that is important in fetal development. EPA/DHA are added to baby formulas and help brain development. They may also lower the risk for pre-term labor. 10. What is fetal alcohol syndrome? Alcohol crosses the placenta freely and is directly toxic. It limits the oxygen delivery to the fetus, slows cell division causing abnormalities in organs, affects fetal brain cell division, interferes with nutrient transport to fetus and can damage the ovum or sperm, leading to abnormalities in the child. 11. What is gestational diabetes? Diabetes with first occurrence during pregnancy. Managed with diet and diabetes medication including insulin. 12. For which nutrients are recommendations higher during lactations that in the non-lactating state? Why are the needs for these nutrients increased? Vitamins A, E, C, most B vitamins (not folate)Minerals Zn, Se, Mg (not iron)Need energy and need to consume additional 330 calories. 13. What other recommendations are given to lactating women? Decrease use of cigarettes, marijuana, alcohol, and caffeine. Get plenty of rest and don’ttry to lose weight quickly by restricting calories. 14. What are oxytocin and prolactin and how they act to regulate milk production and breast feeding? 15. Are there any reasons why a woman would be unable to breast feed? Poor nutrition in the mother will decrease quantity of breast milk. HIV can also be passed through breast milk. Certain drugs can also pass through breast milk.16. What are the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant? To the mother? What are the disadvantages of breastfeeding? Advantages: Colostrum high in antibodies and has factors to stimulate growth of healthy gut bacteria.Mature Milknutritionally complete and has easily digested protein called lactalbumin. High bioavailability of nutrients and protective against infection. Decreased risk of food allergies, emotional bonding, cost and convenience, reduced risk of breast cancer in mother and may help with weight loss. Disadvantages:Fathers bonding, mother’s environment can impact breast milk, not immediately easy, societal barriers, different pattern of weight gain may cause concern (BF infants gain weight more rapidly early on and not gain as much from 6-12 months)17. Do breastfed infants require supplements? If so, why and which ones? Vitamin D if little sunlight, Fluoride if water is not fluoridated and Vitamin B12 if mother is a vegetarian. 18. What are the components of infant formulas? Cow’s milk, soy-based, protein hydrolysate and other components19. When is solid food introduced to an infant? Why is solid food offered at this time? What is the first food offered to an infant? In what order are other foods offered? Solid food is introduced from 5-12 months. Offered because increased calorie needs and have developed the suck/swallow reflux. Can hold help up and teeth are erupt. First food offered is iron-fortified cereal (usually rice). Then introduce one new food per week with low salt, sugar, and no eggs, milk or honey in first year. Give vegetables before fruit and avoid choking foods. 20. Why are parents told to avoid given infants honey during the first year? Eggs? Cow’s milk? Eggs are high in cholesterolChildren can have allergies to cow’s milkNutrition and Physical Performance21. What are the benefits of exercise?Cardiovascular function, decreased blood pressure, increased HDL and lowered LDL cholesterol, energy balance, immune system function, increased lean tissue and fat loss,increased muscle mass and tone, peristaltic function and colonic mass movements, improves balance, agility and sleep patterns, etc. 22. What is adenosine triphosphate? 23. What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic energy production? Anaerobic: Brief high intensity activities lasting 30 seconds-2 min, reliant on glucose from glycogen. Yields energy when energy demands exceed ability to provide energy. Produces small amounts of ATP and yields lactate. Aerobic: Long, low intensity activities. Draws energy from glucose and fatty acids. Conserves glycogen stores and produces much more ATP. 24. What macronutrients are used for energy during exercise of long duration? 25. What is VO2 max? Oxygen consumption measured immediately before total exhaustion. 26. What are the dangers of weight loss by dehydration? Why would someone engage in this activity? Dangers can lead to heatstroke. Methods are sitting in a sauna for extended period of time, exercising in plastic sweat suits and taking diuretic drugs. Think it will help them lose weight faster. 27. How much
View Full Document
Unlocking...