Questions to PonderExam 2, Winter 2014What are factors of BMRWeight, height, fever, body composition, stress, fasting/famine, ambient temperature, malnutrition, pregnancy, thyroxine60-70% of energy burnt in a dayNutrition & Aging hormones that produce fat in the control of obesity (leptin/grelin), Vitamin and Minerals1. What is a vitamin? Compare and contrast fat soluble and water soluble vitamins.a. Essential organic nutrient that contains no energyb. Fat soluble are absorbed into lymph, then blood and require bile for absorption. Fat must travel with protein carriers, stored in liver. Water Soluble are not stored in the body. Fat soluble vitamins are more likely to be toxic. Water Soluble are more frequently needed.2. What vitamins can be synthesized in our body?a. D, K and biotin3. Why is Vitamin A important for proper vision? What is beta-carotene? Why is beta-carotene important in human health?a. When light falls on retina, vitamin a splits from rhodopsin and initiates a signal that conveys sight. Lack of A also causes keratin around corneab. Beta carotene is a vitamin a precursor that is abundant among carotenoids in plants4. What is biological function of vitamin K?a. Benefits blood clotting, synthesize bone proteins5. What are free radical and an antioxidant? What nutrients can act as antioxidants? What is the mechanism of action of antioxidants? How can antioxidants help to prevent heart disease?a. Free radicals cause damage to body structures and antioxidents prevent that. E, betacaroten, C, zinc, selenium, copper b. Free radicals oxidize LDL and cause plaque, Antioxidants prevent free radicals 6. What are major and trace minerals? a. Major minerals require more then 100 milligrams a day vs less than7. What is the significance of calcium? What are the most abundant two minerals in the body?a. Most abundant mineral in the body, critical to body function and teeth/bonesb. Phosphorous8. What is the role of sodium in the diet? What are the dietary sources of sodium? Why is high consumption of sodium harmful to health?a. Fluid, electrolyte, acid base balance. Muscle contractionb. Processed food & saltc. High blood pressure, CVD, stroke9. What is function of fluoride?a. Stablizes bone and makes teeth resistant to decay10. What is osteoporosis? Why is dietary calcium intake important? a. Ensures that bones reach peak density11. What is anemia? Deficiency of what nutrients can result in anemia? a. Makes hemoglobin that makes red blood cells normal. Infants, women during reproductive years. Iron and B vitamins12. Why are women and children particularly susceptible to iron deficiency?a. Women are menstruating and pregnant must have iron for increased blood volume and blood loss during birth or periods. Rapid growth of children who are on low iron (milk) diets can also lead to deficiency13. What is biological function and deficiency syndrome of iodine?a. Regulates body functions and helps thyroxine synthesizeb. Deficiency enlarges thyroid gland which can cause goiter, cretenism14. What are the functions of water in the body? What is source of water input and output?a. Lubricant, coolant, cushion, cleansing agent15. Factors effecting bioavailabilitya. Presence of non-nutritive factors, form, processing, medications, fiber phytate- zinc calcium copperKnow Function. Deficiency, Toxicity, Sources, and DRI:16. Folate?a. 400 microgramsb. Development of neural tubec. Nueral tube defects of brain and spinal cord, anemia, digestive function, cnacer, cardiovascular disease, alzheimers17. vitamin B12?a. 2.4 microgramsb. Maintain nerve cellsc. Can lead to anemia, memory loss, nerve degernationd. NO tox18. Vitamin Aa. 900-700b. vision, bone and teeth, skin cells, gene regulation, immuinityc. Deficiency:Night blindness, impaired visiond. Tpxicity: yellow skin19. vitamin D? a. 15-20b. Deficiency can lead to rickets and osteoporosis 20. Calciuma. 1000-1200, 2500b. Mineralization of bones and teethc. Def: Stunted growth, weak bones, bone lossd. Tox: COnspitation, interference with other minerals, increased kidney stonese. Milk Cheese Dairy Products21. Irona. 8mg Carries oxygen as hemoglobimb. Toxic: GI distress, organ damageEnergy Balance and Obesity1. What are the components of the energy balance equation? Does the macronutrient breakdown of the diet matter in terms of energy balance? Why or why not?a. Energy In & Energy Out & Body Fatness (Energy in-Energy out)b. Do not need to no macronutrients2. What constitutes “energy in” and how is it measured? What are some limitations to measuring “energy in”?a. Calories, does not incorporate macronutrients3. What are the three components of “energy out” and what percentage of overall energy expenditure is accounted for by each component?a. Energy out is BMR (60-70) & Voluntary activities as well as thermic effect of food (5-7%)4. How is Basal Metabolic Rate calculated (be able to calculate it)? What factors impact a person’s BMR?a. Kg*kg/hr ---- 2.2lbs a kg, 1 kg/hr for men .9 kcals/hr for women--- *24b. Agec. Growthd. Fevere. Malnutritionf. Thyroxineg. Heighth. Body Composition i. Stressj. Ambient Temperaturek. Fasting/ Starvation5. What is the BMI? Be able to calculate it and be able to interpret the BMI in terms of weight status. What doesn’t the BMI measure?a. Kg/ht^26. What are the health risks associated with obesity?a. Hypertension Flat feetb. Heart disease Sleep apnea and problemsc. Stroke Some cancersd. Diabetes High accident ratee. Hernias Arthritis7. What is the gynoid body shape? What is the android body shape? Which of these is more dangerous in terms of cardiovascular risk?a. Gynoid is around the middle and android is around the waist. Gynoid is more dangerous8. What are the environmental causes of obesity?a. Inactivity, caloric consumption, portion sizes9. What are the three components of a successful weight loss program? Provide details on the dietary recommendations for weight loss. How much of a calorie deficit must one create to lose a pound of body fat?a. Diet Modification, Physical Activity, Behavior Modificationi. Create energy defecit of 500 cals a day, do not skip meals, eat nutrient dense10. What are some components of fad diets?a. Quick fix, warnings from a single product, conclusions drawn from complex study/single study, dramatic statements are refuted by science orgs., lists of allowed foods, generalizations in populations that can be helped11. What are the risks/benefits of alternative treatments for
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