Consumer Behavior Exam 1 Review Guide Lecture 1 Define and Understand the Importance of OB Definition a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals groups and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization s effectiveness We study it to o Gain an understanding of the effect of organizational settings on human behavior o Understand the dynamics of different settings o Provides a set of tools that allow people to understand analyze and describe behavior in organizations Identify the contributing fields and early contributors During the early years of the industrial revolution employee discipline was the major issue confronting managers Early Contributors o Principles of scientific management Frederick Taylor Felt that money was the way to motivate workers to their fullest capability Principle problem with his work is that it required employees to move in a robotic fashion and people are not machines o The Giving of Orders Mary Parker Follett Believed that the key to effective management was coordination In order for managers to be successful they must act with employees in meaningful ways Developed 4 Principles to promote effective work groups Coordination requires direct contact with employees Coordination is essential during the initial stages on any project Coordination must address all relevant factors on any project Coordination is a continuous ongoing process o Hawthorn Studies Mayo and Roethlisberger Found that the special attention that workers received and informal interaction among employees improved performance and productivity Contributing fields o Psychology o Social psychology o Anthropology Define Ethical Behavior That which is morally accepted as good and right Understand factors that contribute to unethical behavior Stems from several areas No global standard for ethical behavior o Cultural differences o Personal differences o Relativism Individual values All decisions are relative to some personal social or cultural standard Recognize the relationship b t social responsibility and ethical behavior Ethical responsibilities Social responsibilities o Things that organizations should do o Things that organizations might do o Defined as actions that protect and improve the welfare of society along with companies own interest Ethical and social responsibilities appear to be optional Understand the major challenges facing managers today Responding to economic pressure Responding to globalization Managing workforce diversity Improving customer service Improving people skills Stimulating innovation and change Coping with temporariness Working in networked organizations Helping employees balance work life conflicts Creating a positive work environment Improving ethical behavior Lecture 2 Diversity o A characteristic of a group of people where differences exist on one or more dimensions such as gender o Refers to the ways in which people are similar or different from each other Difference between Ability Aptitude Aptitude o Potential abilities Abilities o Represents a person s capability of learning something whereas ability reflects a person s existing capacity to perform the various tasks needed for a given job o Are the knowledge and skills that an individual currently possesses Various Forms of Ability Physical Ability Intellectual ability o The capability of performing some physical task o The mental capacity to do something o Abilities needed to perform mental activities such as thinking reasoning and problem solving Management of Abilities Selection Placement o Managers need to be able to identify the needed ability level o The process of matching abilities within the organization Relates more towards promotion and moving individuals through the Training organization within the organization o Job specific o The key for giving individuals the needed skills to gain added responsibilities An Understanding of The Demographic Changes Occurring Within Our Society By 2020 almost 1 in 3 Americans will be Asian African American or Hispanic Immigration is going to be a large factor in the traditional industrial powers like the U S The workforce has grown older increased in women open to ethic and cultural differences The Importance of Managing Diversity Diversity is of strategic importance to the organization because it improves o Corporate culture o Recruitment o Relationships with clients and consumers And helps build competitive advantage o Understand and serve diverse customer base o Heterogeneous teams deal better with complex problems and challenging tasks o More commitment to organization s mission Managing diversity growth o Should be viewed as providing a perspective that can enhance creativity and o Provides a way of thinking that allows us to view our organizational activities through an objective eye o Help the organization fully utilize its human resources o Is an opportunity for development not a problem to be solved Two Major Forms of Diversity o Surface level o Deep level Represents characteristics such as race gender and age Represents characteristics such as values attitudes and personality Challenges Associated with The Diverse Workforce Group Identity o Who are we and how does this affect our actions within organizations Managerially challenging because o We are opening ourselves and our organizations to the perspectives of those who have had less managerial voice in the past o Causes us to step outside the traditional frame of decision making Psychologically challenging because o Issues such as differences in personality perception attitudes and values arise We all differ on these issues and they affect our response to different individuals Individual differences are largely responsible for stereotyping discrimination and prejudice Learning as a Process Learning or experience 3 Major Theories of Learning o Classical Conditioning o is the process that helps us adapt to and master our environment o an ongoing process o a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from practice Takes place when the learner recognizes the connection b t an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus anything in the environment that produces an unconditioned response Pavlov s Dog Differentiate Between the Various Forms of Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning o Increasing the probability of desired behaviors o Takes place when
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