STUDY GUIDE FOR MAN 3240 FINAL EXAM Prepared by Dr Atira Charles Chapter 1 Introduction to Organizational Behavior Foundational Theories of Organizational Behavior o Psychology Cultural Anthropology Economics Sociology Social Psychology Human Capital valuable rare difficult to imitate Human capital value The extent to which associates are capable of producing work that supports an organization s strategy for competing in the marketplace Human capital rareness The extent to which the skills and talents of an organization s people are unique in the industry Human capital imitability The extent to which the skills and talents of an organization s people cannot be copied by other organizations Competitive Advantage Perform some aspect of its work better than competitors Perform in a way that competitors cannot duplicate High Involvement Management o High involvement management Selective hiring Extensive training Decision power Information sharing Incentive compensation o Carefully selecting and training associates o Giving associates decision making power information and compensation o Empowering people to use their unique knowledge and skills to Work hard to serve the organization s best interest Take on different tasks and gain skills needed to work in multiple capacities Work using their intellect as well as their hands Essential Characteristics of an organization i e division of labor goal orientation network of individuals etc o Collection of individuals forming a coordinated system of specialized activities for the purpose of achieving certain goals over some extended period of time o Network of individuals o System o Coordinated activities o Division of labor o Goal orientation o Continuity over time Chapter 2 Diversity Difference between Diversity Management and Affirmative Action o Purpose o Assimilation o Focus A Prevent and remedy discrimination D Create and inclusive empowered work environment A assumes individuals will assimilate and adapt D Assumes that managers and the organizations will change A Recruitment mobility and retention D allows all associates to reach their full potential o Cause of Problems o Time Frame A Does not address the cause of problems D Attempts to uncover the root causes of diversity problems A Temporary until representation of disadvantaged groups D Ongoing permanent changes Dimensions of Diversity i e age race gender etc o Gender o Race o Ethnicity o Age o Religion o Social Class o Sexual Orientation o Personality o Functional Experience o Geographical Background The difference between monolithic multicultural and plural organizations o Multicultural organization An organization in which the organizational culture fosters and values cultural differences o Plural organization An organization that has diverse workforces and takes steps to be inclusive and respectful of people from different cultural backgrounds and diversity is tolerated but not fostered o Monolithic organization An organization that is demographically and culturally o Equal Pay Act of 1963 Employers Virtually all employers Employees Men homogeneous Equal Pay Act of 1963 and women who perform substantially equal work The Diversity Climates i e Access Legitimacy o Integration and Learning OPTIMAL Appreciating and valuing cultural differences Integrates the differences into work processes in order to gain more learning Sees employees as valuable persons based on their differences o Access Legitimacy Uses diversity only to gain more customers and market share Sees employees diversity as a convenient way to gain access and opportunity o Discrimination and Fairness LEAST OPTIMAL Acknowledges that minorities women etc are different but their differences are not valued Sees employees as categories instead of individuals with differences Chapter 3 Globalization Hofstede s study of National Culture and Cultural Dimensions o Uncertainty avoidance the degree to which members of a society wish to avoid unpredictable lives unequally distributed o Power distance the degree to which members of a society expect power to be o Individualism the degree to which members of a society are comfortable focusing on personal goals and being rewarded for personal efforts and outcomes o Assertiveness the degree to which members of a society are aggressive and o Humane orientation the degree to which members of a society value generous confrontational caring altruistic behavior o Performance Orientation the degree to which members of a society appreciate and reward improvement and excellence in schoolwork athletics and work life o Future Orientation the degree to which members of a society value long term planning and investing in the future o Gender Egalitarianism refers to equal opportunities for women and men o In group Collectivism indicates how much members of society take pride in the groups and organizations to which they belong including the family High Context Cultures vs Low Context Cultures o High context culture A type of culture where individuals use contextual clues to understand people and their communications and where individuals values trust and personal relationships Japan south Korea o Low context culture A type of culture where individuals rely on direct questioning to understand people and their communications and where individuals value efficiency and performance Monochronic vs Polychronic time orientation o Monochromic Prefer to do one task in a given time period Dislike multi tasking Prefer to do one task without interruption Prompt schedule driven and time focused North America northern Europe japan o Polychronic Comfortable doing more than one task at a time Not troubled by interruptions Time is less of a guiding force Plans are flexible Globalization Strategies Multi domestic Global Transnational Strategy Latin America southern Europe south Asia southeast Asia o Multi domestic strategy Firm tailors its products and services to the needs of each country or region and grants great deal of power to managers and associates in those regions o Global strategy Firm provides standard products and services to all parts of the world and maintains strong degree of central control in the home country o Transnational strategy Firm tailors its products and services to some degree but also seeks some degree of standardization for cost purposes Chapter 4 Learning and Perceptions Negative Reinforcement o Negative reinforcement occurs when the behavior is followed by the absence or withdrawal of
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