CCJ2020 Intro to Criminal Justice Final Exam Study Guide Cassidy Tevlin Chapter 10 Jails and Prisons Early Jail Conditions Very deplorable conditions Overcrowded Prisoners were required to bring their own food necessities Prisoners who could not afford basic needs were allowed to die of starvation Men women and children were in the same cell John Howard State of Prisons was influential to efforts at prison reform The Walnut Street Jail Reforms include Humane physical facility Adequate food Adequate water Prohibited alcohol Were required to work but were paid for their labor and could earn early release Separating debtors and the mentally ill Separating men women and children with good behavior It failed because of overcrowding which destroyed its ability to accomplish its mission The Eastern State Penitentiary Pennsylvania Penitentiary a correctional institution based on the concept that inmates could change their criminality through reflection and penitence Prisoners had individual cells and had to learn a skill to help support themselves Prisoners were expected to read the bible Goal of incarceration was to evoke penitence in the prisoner with the idea that guilt and remorse would lead to rehabilitation Silent System was enforced Corporal punishment was practically eliminated The Auburn System Auburn New York Walled maximum security prison with multiple level inmate cells located in the center of a secured building Cells are back to back stacked on top of another often 5 tiers high creating unique The prison could combine their labor in larger and more profitable industries and prison architecture construction projects Prison was virtually economically self sufficient Congregate work system cells were only for sleeping In 1821 the New York legislature passed a law requiring that the worst inmates be placed in solitary confinement confining an inmate so that there is no contact with other people This led to prisoners committing suicide or having mental breakdowns which forced the state to abandon solitary confinement Challenges to the Correctional System Highest incarceration rate in the world Half of all incarcerated are non violent offenders Causes of the highest incarceration rates in the world The rising cost of incarceration The Rising Cost of Incarceration 1 Education and Rehabilitation Programs Lombroso based correctional philosophies that criminality is an inherited trait was abandoned Programs were introduced as a primary mission of prisons which greatly added to their cost 2 Restrictions on Prison Made Goods and Services During the Great depression the government created laws prohibiting the sale of prison made goods from competing with local businesses 3 Recognition of Prisoners Rights the abandonment of the philosophy of civil death for incarcerated inmates resulted in significant increase in the cost of incarceration Civil Death the legal philosophy that barred a prison inmate from bringing a lawsuit in a civil court related to his or her treatment while incarcerated or related to conditions of incarceration Warren Court The U S Supreme Court years 1953 1969 during which Chief Justice Earl Warren issued many landmark decisions greatly expanding the constitutional rights of inmates and defendants 4 Number of Prisons incarceration rates increasing the number of prisons required increases 5 Cost of Corrections state spending has increased 127 The challenge is to reduce the cost of corrections without sacrificing public safety Jails Short term multi purpose holding facilities that serve as the gateway into the criminal justice system Managed by a sheriff s office or county department of corrections employing only Municipal jails should not be confused with police holding cells booking cells or Majority of inmates in local jails have not been convicted of a crime Three types of jails Native American Country jails federal civilian jails and local civilian personnel lockup facilities civilian jails Native American Country Jails Incarcerate only Native Americans living in Native American country who have been sentenced by a Native American court for an offense committed there The max sentence is 1 year About one third are located in Arizona Also suffer from overcrowding and other jail problems Providing treatment and counseling to address the behavioral and addiction problems of inmates has been a challenge Federal Civilian Jails They only house inmates incarcerated for misdemeanor offenses no more than a year Primary purpose to hold federal jail inmates convicted of misdemeanor crimes and federal jail inmates awaiting adjunction or transfer City and County Jails Local jails face the most difficult challenges of the various correctional institutions Jail conditions vary with the economic prosperity of the city or county Functions of Locally Operated Jails Receive individuals pending arraignment and hold them until trial conviction or sentencing facilities courts as witnesses Readmit probation parole and bail bond violators and absconders Temporarily detain juveniles pending transfer to juvenile authorities Hold people with mental illness pending their movement to appropriate health Hold individuals for the military for protective custody for contempt and for the Release convicted inmates to the community upon completion of sentence Transfer inmates to federal state and other authorities House inmates for federal state or other authorities because of crowded facilities Relinquish custody of temporary detainees to juvenile and medical authorities Operate community based programs with day reporting home detention electronic monitoring and other types of supervision Hold inmates sentenced to short terms generally a maximum of one year but most sentences are much shorter Prisoner Classification System Prisoner classification is the reception and diagnosis of an inmate to decide the appropriate security level in which to place him or her and the services of placement Reception and diagnosis Purpose A primary reason for classifying and assigning prisoners to various security levels is to enhance the safety of the prison environment for both the inmates and the staff Jails use a modified form of classification that considers fewer inmate characteristics such as gender age security risk and special populations At the state s reception and diagnosis facility the classification process includes Identification of the inmate Examination of the inmate s criminal record Evaluation of
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