NFSC100 Study Guide 2 Questions To Ponder Part 4 Energy Balance and Obesity When fasting Mobilizing stores Glycogen from liver glucose energy Glycogen stores depleted when prolonged fast breaking down body proteins and fats Energy Balance Change in energy stores energy in energy out Energy in side of body s energy budget is measured in calories taken in each day in the for of food and beverages Energy out 2 major components basal metabolism and voluntary activities 3rd component is the thermic effect of food can be calculated via formula or determined by observation of food maintenance at a given level of intake over time Thermic Effect of food Cost of digestion and absorption of food 5 7 of total daily caloric intake Released as heat not as useful for other body functions Basal Metabolic Rate BMR Cost of staying alive Measured first thing in the morning before sitting up but after awakening Reflects differences in age and sex as well as lean body mass stress level body composition growth fever malnutrition height fasting starvation and ambient temperature Physical Activity Can vary appreciably between individuals across time Constitutes anywhere form 35 75 or more of total energy requirement How is Obesity Defined BMI 18 9 underweight 18 9 24 9 normal 40 morbidly obese Health Risks Associated with Obesity Most obese people suffer illness and obesity is considered a chronic disease 300 00 people die in the US each year from obesity related diseases Hypertension heart disease stroke diabetes hernia flat feet sleep apnea some cancers high accident rate arthritis Greater surgical risks Measuring Body Composition Anthropometry height weight skinfold thickness circumference Densitometry under water weighing air displacement plethsymography Bioelectrical impedance analysis electrical current difference between fat mass and fat free mass Body Fat Distribution Waist circumference Android beer belly men higher risk of complications Gynoid hips and thighs women What causes one to be overweight 1 Physiological causes hunger and appetite 2 Sensory influences seek food and start meal 3 Cognitive influences keep eating 4 posingestive influences satiation end meal 5 postabsorptive influence satiaty several hours after other activity Metabolic Causes of Obesity Hunger and satiety Hormones and Enzymes Ghrelin Leptin tells you when hungry Lipoprotein lipase Insulin ex Drink coke uptake glucose glucose low eat Fat cell size number can increase number of fat cells throughout life Genetic Study of Obesity One obese parent 30 70 chance of child being obese Twins raised by different families both likely to still be obese Genetics VS Enviornment Generics have not changed in the past 30 years Environment has changed greatly Inactivity 25 of adults are sedentary Caloric beverage consumption Portion sizes increased Strategies for Weight Loss Diet modification high carb diet but nutrient dense foods Physical activity increase Behavior modification only eat at appropriate times 3500 kcal in one lb eat 500 less kcal per day lose one lb in one week
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