OUTLINE Modules 36 37 38 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 1 Prenatal Development read in text Module 36 2 Newborns 3 Infancy 4 Childhood a Cognitive Development Piaget b Social Development Parenting Styles 5 Adolescent a Moral Development Kohlberg NEWBORNS Reflexes Innate reactions to stimulation without any previous learning Rooting touch a newborn s cheek with your finger and they will turn and start sucking Blinking flash lights or wave tour hand in your newborns eyes and they will blink Moro hold an infant and drop him slightly and they will reach with his hands and legs Grasping put your finger in a newborn s hand and she will grab it Stepping holding your newborn upright slightly off the floor and they will make walking movements o Won t actually walk because they are not born with the muscle strength to hold themselves up Preferences Human voices Faces face like images Mother s sound Mother s smell WHY 1 needs food 2 needs comfort Evolution NEWBORNS Which figure do you think babies prefer stare at longer The infant will look at the left picture because it looks more like a face Babies like pictures that resemble the preference of their mother s face human face INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT PIAGET S Stage Theory of Cognitive Development Background What is a stage theory 1 Humans move through predictable stages 2 They move form stage to stage at certain ages 3 Order never changes Basic assumption Children are active thinkers who try to construct more accurate advanced understanding of the world Children are always taking in knowledge and trying to understand it How do children construct knowledge 1 Assimilation o Schemas knowledge structure Ex going to a restaurant and waiting for the hostess to seat you you know you have to wait to be seated 2 Accommodation EXAMPLE A child has cat schema 4 legs furry small animal Sees a squirrel Assimulation calls it a cat Sees lots of squirrels Accomodation now schema for squirrels bushy tails etc PIAGET S Stage Theory of Cognitive Development STAGE 1 Sensorimotor Stage When Birth to 2 years What is it Stage where children learn relationships between actions and the real world cause and effect Using all of their senses and motor activities Things that happen during this stage Motor activities manipulating objects with your hands putting objects in your mouth Object permanence Ex covering up a toy children don t understand that their toy did not disappear it s just not in sight Attachment Stranger anxiety PIAGET S Stage Theory of Cognitive Development STAGE 2 Preoperational When 2 years to 7 years What is it Stages where child acquires the ability to form mental images of objects and events and can represent the world with words language develops Things that happen during this stage o Children can find enjoyment in playing with Ex playing with a cardboard box Symbolic play anything Egocentrism o You see the world from your viewpoint but not from the viewpoint of others the inability that you view the world differently than your peers Ex girl giving her father a bright pink ball The child would love to receive the pink ball but doesn t understand that the father would not need it Lack Conservatism Can t use logic yet or do mental operations o Children are concrete thinkers PIAGET S Stage Theory of Cognitive Development Read in textbook STAGE 3 Concrete Operational When Age 7 12 STAGE 4 Formal Operational When Age 12 on INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Social Development ATTACHMENT What is it A strong emotional bond infants develop with their caregivers Develops very early in life Strange Situation Test o The caregiver mom leaves baby child alone with a stranger for several minutes and then returns to the room with the baby Styles of attachment 1 Secure Attachment Child may cry when separated but then explores new place When mom returns they go to her Parent knows when to support and when to let go 2 Avoidant Insecure Attachment Child doesn t cry when left acts like stranger is the parent avoids mom on return Parent cold distant kid not highest priority 3 Ambivalent insecure Child seek mom when she leaves but when she returns fluctuates between seeking and rejecting mom Parent inconsistent treatment of child Hot Cold 4 Disorganized disoriented Child shows inconsistent and contradictory behaviors towards parent INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Social Development Long term effects of attachment 1 Sociability 2 Relationship styles Securely attached Comfortable in relationships Depend on partner Seek closeness Don t fear abandonment Avoidant Insecure Uncomfortable getting close to others Trust issues Won t depend on partner Feel partner is too clingy Ambivalent insecure Fears other are reluctant to get close Worries that partner doesn t love him her INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Social Development Another factor in Attachment Contact comfort For monkey babies nourishment was not a factor for attachment Harlow article Monkey babies raised with surrogate mothers 2 Surrogate mothers in cage cloth vs wire Gp 1 cloth mother with milk and wire mother w o milk Gp 2 wire mother with milk and cloth mother w o milk Who did the monkeys prefer Gp 1 The CLOTH mother Gp 2 The CLOTH mother INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Social Development PARENTING STYLES 1 Authoritarian High demands low responsiveness Rule based parenting Kid must obey or be punished No explanation for punishment given 2 Permissive low demands high responsiveness Warm parenting style No rules kids do as they please Never hold kids responsible for actions 3 Authoritative high demands high responsiveness Sets rules and enforces them but explains why rules exist Discusses choice and consequences with kid 4 Uninvolved low demands low responsiveness Shows little if any interest in the children Emotionally detached neglectful Provides food clothing and shelter but that s about it Modern Parenting Style Tiger Moms like Authoritarian Hippie Moms like permissive Helicopter Moms new style of the 21st century ADOLESCENCE In a country in Europe a poor man named Valjean could find no work nor could his sister and brother Without money he stole food and medicine that they needed He was captured and sentenced to prison for 6 years After 2 years he escaped from prison and went to live with his mother under a new name He saved money and slowly built up a big factory He gave his workers high wages and used his profits to build a hospital for people who could not afford medical care 20 years passed when a tailor recognized the factory owner
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