nutrition final study guide The Science of Nutrition What is the definition of nutrition o Nutrition behaviors related to food the study of the nutrients in the foods and in the body also a study of human What are the study designs that we discussed What are the strengths and limitations of each What type of study is considered the gold standard in terms of proving cause and effect Type of Study Definition Strengths Weaknesses Case Cohort Epidemiological Studies of individuals A group with specific characteristics Studies of populations Studies of population in two groups control and experimental Studies that are performed under tightly controlled conditions Intervention Laboratory Food Labeling Good for clinical teaching advertisements observations Depending on size good for statistics Good for statistics due to large population number Strong design for cause and effect from comparing groups Not good for statistics scientific studies due to small number Does not prove cause and effect Does not prove cause and effect Limited in what is allowed to be tested on humans Strong design to test mechanisms for exact cause and effect Results may be limited in applying to humans if tested on animals What information must be included on the label of all packaged foods Common or usual name of product o Must include Name and address of manufacturer packer or distributor Net contents in terms of weight size or count Nutrient contents of product In what order are the ingredients listed on food labels o Ingredients Must be listed in descending order of predominance by weight What is the definition of the following nutrient content claims o o o o o o o o Fat free less than 0 5 grams of fat per serving Low fat 3 grams or less of fat per serving Reduced fat 25 fewer than compared product Low sodium 140 mg or less of sodium Sodium free less than 5 mg of sodium Low calorie 40 calories or less per serving Calorie free fewer than 5 calories per serving A good source 10 19 of Daily Value Recommended What are the three types of health claims allowed on food packages o Three Different Claims Nutrient Claim of food based on calorie content claims using approved wording to describe the nutrient values Health Claim Example Low fat Low sodium Good source High in claims linking food constituents with disease states Example Good for your heart Lower cholesterol Reduce the risk of heart disease Structure Function Claim labels of dietary supplements specific function of nutrient more factual a legal but largely unregulated claim permitted on Example Calcium builds strong bones Vitamin C boosts your immune system Food Choices Human Health What is the difference between hunger and appetite the psychological need to eat experienced as a drive for obtaining food an o Hunger unpleasant sensation that demands relief that accompanies the sight smell or thought of appealing foods o Appetite the psychological desire to eat a learned motivation and a positive sensation What factors affect our appetite Comfort Foods o Ethnic Heritage o o Weight Control Advertising o Prevent Disease o Describe the four influences on food availability o Natural Environment Rainfall land and climate o Technology Economics o Farming practices Food Storage Ex Freezing dehydrate refrigerate Food Distribution Ex Roads transportation services Advertising Food Processing Cash crops Income determines what the consumers buy Supply and demand o Population Size structure How many calories per gram are there in carbohydrates fat and protein Which is the most concentrated source of calories Carbohydrates Protein Lipid 4 calories gram 4 calories gram o o o 9 calories gram Most concentrated with 9 calories gram o Alcohol 7 calories gram It is recommended that no more than 35 of your calories come from fat If your calorie needs at 2200 kcal day how many grams of fat should you consume 2 200 x 35 770 calories 770 calories 9 calories per gram 85 grams What is the difference between micronutrients and macronutrients Which nutrients are micronutrients and which are macronutrients o Macronutrients and supply building blocks for body structures energy yielding nutrients the nutrients the body can use for energy Essential to intake a significant amount for healthy diet Consists of carbohydrates proteins and lipids provide no energy to the body act as regulators to assist in all body o Micronutrients processes Consists of vitamins minerals and water What are the characteristics of a nutritious diet o Five Characteristics of a Nutritious Diet Adequacy foods with all the essential nutrients fiber and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health and body weight Balance providing foods of a number of types in proportion Calorie Control control of calorie intake Moderation not to excess Variety providing a wide selection of foods not only in food groups but within each food group Nutrition Standards and Guidelines What are Discretionary Calories o Discretionary Calorie Allowance accounting for the number of calories needed to meet recommended nutrient intake amount of calories remaining in a person s diet after Example Flex points on Weight Watchers system What is the difference between a serving and a portion Serving o o Portion A unit of measure standardized by weight Amount of food actually consumed or served Define the following terms DRI RDA EAL UL AI o Dietary Reference Intake healthy people in US and Canada Four Lists o DRI set of four lists measuring the nutrient intake of EAR average daily nutrient intake to Estimated Average Requirements meet requirements of half of a healthy person s lifestyle Recommended Daily Allowances meets the needs of 97 of healthy people Adequate Intake on intake level of healthy people in particular life stage and gender group Tolerable Upper Intake Levels level pose no risk of toxicity to healthy people of particular life stage and gender group RDA average daily nutrient level that UL highest average daily nutrient intake AI recommended average daily nutrient intake level based Nutrition and Physiology membranes What is the basic unit of life What is the function of the mitochondria ribosomes and cell o the smallest units in which independent life can exist Cells Composition of Cell Nucleus control center where genes are found Mitochondrion power plant fuels and provides energy Golgi complex packaging center Ribosome protein synthesis What are the auxiliary organs involved in digestion o large lobed organ that lies just under the
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