Study Guide 3 Questions To Ponder Pregnancy Lactation and Infant Feeding 1 Describe the concept of the critical periods What are the three stages in the development of a human baby and how long does each one last a Each organ and tissue grows its own characteristic pattern and timing the development takes place only at a certain time if development is limited to only a critical period recovery is impossible b Zygote 0 2 weeks embryo 2 8 weeks fetus 8 40 weeks 2 What is normal gestational length What is normal birth weight a 37 40 weeks b 5 6 9 9 pounds 3 What are the causes and outcomes of low birth weight a Low maternal weight gain during pregnancy low maternal pre pregnancy weight maternal lifestyle factors alcohol smoking drugs b 12 times higher risk of infant death congenital malformations behavior learning problems 4 What are the weight gain recommendations for pregnancy based upon What is the recommended weight gain for pregnancy What is the pattern of weight gain during pregnancy a Based upon pre pregnancy BMI b Having a BMI of 25 35 c Gaining 3 5 pounds during the first trimester and one pound per week after that 5 What are the various components of maternal weight gain during pregnancy a Breast size increase fluid volume increases placenta is formed blood in the placenta amniotic fluid actual infant increased size of uterus and supporting muscles mother s fat stores 6 What are the consequences if inadequate and excessive weight gains during pregnancy a If you are over or underweight it is harder for you child to achieve a healthy weight and proper nutrients 7 For which nutrients are recommendations higher in pregnancy than in non pregnant women Why are the needs for these nutrients elevated What are the nutrients of particular importance during pregnancy a Iron anemia related to poor birth outcomes folate neural tube defects calcium if the intake is inadequate it will be taken from the mother s bones Choline helps with brain development 8 What is spina bifida What does it result from a Spina bifida is a condition in which the vertebrae fail to fuse fully causing membranes fluids and nerves to bulge out This often leads to paralysis retardation etc b It results from a combination of folate deficiency and genetic predisposition 9 What is choline What are the EPA DHA Why are these important in pregnancy a Essential nutrient in fetal development best source is egg yolks b Helps in brain development may lower risk of pre term labor is generally added to baby formulas 10 What is fetal alcohol syndrome a When alcohol crosses the placenta freely and is toxic this limits the delivery of oxygen to the fetus slowing down cell division which causes abnormalities in organs brain cell division nutrient transport to the fetus if happens before fertilization can damage the sperm or ovum leading to abnormalities in the child Children may have physical deformities such as small heads underdeveloped jaws droops eyes uneven ears or thin lips 11 What is gestational diabetes a Diabetes with its first onset during pregnancy all women are tested at 28 weeks or sooner managed with diet and diabetes medications raises risk of type 2 diabetes later in life 12 Which nutrients are recommendations higher during lactations that in the non lactating state Why are the needs for these nutrients increased a Intake of the B vitamins except folate and vitamin A and C zinc selenium magnesium not iron water and protein b These needs are increased because the lactating women need more protein and calories 13 What other recommendations are given to lactating women a Decrease consumption of cigarettes marijuana alcohol and caffeine get plenty of rest don t lose weight by severely restricting calories 14 What are oxytocin and prolactin and how do they regulate milk production and breastfeeding a Prolactin stimulates milk production and oxytocin causes the release of milk from storage they work together in regulating milk production and breastfeeding 15 What are reasons women would not be able to breastfeed a Only one in 500 women are not able to breastfeed this can be due to if the mother is taking prescription medications or if she has AIDS there are usually social issues within the mother s not the inability to breastfeed Sometimes the mother cannot produce enough milk 16 What are the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant To the mother What are the disadvantages of breastfeeding a Colostrum high in antibodies factors to stimulate growth of healthy gut bacteria Mature milk nutritionally complete for the first 4 6 months easily digested protein called lactalbumin high bioavailability of nutrients protective against infection decreased risk of food allergies b Emotional bonding cost and convenience reduced risk for breast cancer may help with weight loss c Father s bonding environment impacts milk not easy immediately societal barriers different patterns of weight gain may cause concern gain weight more quickly at first 17 Do breastfed infants require supplements If so why and which a Generally should not need supplements b Vitamin D if there is little sunlight fluoride if their water is not fluoridated and vitamin B12 if the mother is a complete vegetarian 18 What are the components of infant formulas a Cows milk soy based protein hydrolysate iron RDAs for most vitamins minerals DHA and ARA 19 When is solid food introduced to an infant What is solid food offered at this time What is the first food offered to an infant In what order are other foods offered a In the first 4 6 months because they have proper development of their mouth muscles Iron fortified cereal rice cereal b c Then vegetables before fruits so they don t develop a preference for sweet foods and then finally meats 20 Why are some parents told to avoid giving infants honey during the first years Eggs Cow s milk a They can choke on honey b Many infants have allergies to eggs c Cows milk before the first year is bad for the infant s GI tract Nutrition and Physical Exercise 1 What are the benefits of exercise a Cardiovascular function lower blood pressure increase HDL lower LDL and triglycerides decreased risk for colon and breast cancer energy balance immune system function increase lean tissue and fat loss increase glucose uptake by muscle tissue and bones peristaltic function and colonic mass movements aids in smoking cessation programs decreases depression anxiety and mental stress enhances a sense of well being and self image assists in
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